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ACT-R Φ ACT-R with a physiological substrate

ACT-R Φ ACT-R with a physiological substrate. “Science involves confronting our `absolute stupidity'. That kind of stupidity is an existential fact, inherent in our efforts to push our way into the unknown.” – Schwartz, 2008. Christopher L. Dancy Ph.D. Candidate Applied Cognitive Science Lab

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ACT-R Φ ACT-R with a physiological substrate

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  1. ACT-R ΦACT-R with a physiological substrate “Science involves confronting our `absolute stupidity'. That kind of stupidity is an existential fact, inherent in our efforts to push our way into the unknown.” – Schwartz, 2008 Christopher L. Dancy Ph.D. Candidate Applied Cognitive Science Lab The College of Information Sciences and Technology The Pennsylvania State University ACT-R Workshop July 11, 2013

  2. Ways Physiology can Modulate Cognition and Behavior (some priming…) • Appetitive Motivations1,2 • Hunger, Thirst, Thermal Balance, etc. • Sleep • Stress3 • Need to void4 And these all interact!5 • Panksepp(2012) • Mogg et al. (1998) • Joëls and Baram (2009) • Tuk et al. (2011) • Montano et al. (2012)

  3. Biology/Physiology in ACT-R • Ritter (2007, 2009) – Simulating the effects of stress & caffeine

  4. Biology/Physiology in ACT-R • Ritter (2007, 2009) – Simulating the effects of stress & caffeine • Changed parameters to simulate participants in different groups (challenged, threatened, caffeine) • seconds-per-syllable (SYL) • base level constant (BLC) • activation noise (ANS) • Parameter values were found using GA & were static across the task

  5. Biology/Physiology in ACT-R • Gunzelmann (2009, 2012) - Simulating the effects of Fatigue/Sleep deprevation

  6. Biology/Physiology in ACT-R • Gunzelmann (2009, 2012) - Simulating the effects of Fatigue/Sleep deprevation • Used a model of fatigue (cognitive throughput or alertness) due to sleep deprevation (CNPA) • Connected model to DM (activation) and Procedural (utility)

  7. Questions from the two examples • How can we make cognition change physiology too (and in real-time)? • How can we combine results? • How can we generalize the results?

  8. HumMod1 Hester et al., 2011

  9. Why HumMod? • Integrative model1 • Want to avoid “micro” computational models of physiology • Top-down organization • Provides macroscopic representation of physiology and some underlying functionality • Open-source model (XML) • Allows verification, validation, and modification (if needed) • It’s software that works(!!!) Hester et al., 2011

  10. About HumMod • Inputs (parameters) • Exogenous changes to variables • e.g. Epinephrine pump, IV drip • Modify autonomic nerve activity • “Lifestyle” settings • e.g. - Air supply, Exercise, Diet

  11. About HumMod

  12. ACT-R 1 Anderson et al., 2008

  13. ACT-RΦ : An Extension to ACT-R

  14. A Modification of a Subtraction Model1,2 Ritter et al., 2009 2. Dancy et al., Accepted

  15. Subtraction model results1(n=200) 1. Dancy et al., Accepted

  16. Subtraction model results (n = 1,582,000 OR 2 * 3955 * 200) 1. Dancy et al., Accepted

  17. Subtraction model results (n=200 * 3955 * 2) 1. Dancy et al., Accepted

  18. A Thirsty model 1. Dancy et al., 2013

  19. Thirsty model Results 1. Dancy et al., 2013

  20. DiscussionSome things for which it could be useful • Perseveration & Autonomy • Do you know what Perseveration is? Do you know what Perseveration is?Do you know what Perseveration is? Do you know what Perseveration is? Do you know what Perseveration is? • Military Simulations • Energy, Fatigue, and Stress (Physical and Mental)

  21. DiscussionSome Possible Road Blocks • Visceral Sensory/Perception Conflict • E.g. Hunger and Pain • What direct connections should we make? • SPEED!!! • Ease of Use and Visualization • E.g., for 6,000+ variables

  22. ConclusionA Future for ACT-R (and other architectures)? • This approach has several areas of improvement (see last slide) but that’s expected… • How do we use existing literature to develop these connections? • Reviews of moderators that acknowledge multiple levels (e.g., Joëls, 2009; Pankepp, 2012) are helpful. • Experiments that record (& control for) physiological data with psychological data (e.g., Wright, 2012) are helpful.

  23. Acknowledgements • ACS Lab @ Penn State • Robert Hester • Keith Berry • Jon Morgan

  24. References Anderson, J. R., Fincham, J. M., Qin, Y., & Stocco, A. (2008). A central circuit of the mind. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12(4), 136-143. Dancy, C. L., & Kaulakis, R. (2013). Towards Adding Bottom-Up Homeostatic Affect to ACT-R. In Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference on Cognitive Modeling:Ottawa, Canada. Dancy, C. L., Ritter, F. E., & Berry, K. (Accepted). Using a cognitive architecture with a physiological substrate to represent effects of psychological stress on cognition. Computational & Mathematical Organization Theory. Gunzelmann, G., Gluck, K. A., Richard Moore Jr, L., & Dinges, D. F. (2012). Diminished access to declarative knowledge with sleep deprivation. Cognitive Systems Research, 13(1), 1-11. Gunzelmann, G., Gross, J. B., Gluck, K. A., & Dinges, D. F. (2009). Sleep deprivation and sustained attention performance: Integrating mathematical and cognitive modeling. Cognitive Science, 33(5), 880-910. Hester, R. L., Brown, A. J., Husband, L., Iliescu, R., Pruett, D., Summers, R., et al. (2011). HumMod: A modeling environment for the simulation of integrative human physiology. Frontiers in Physiology, 2(12). Joëls, M., & Baram, T. Z. (2009). The neuro-symphony of stress. [10.1038/nrn2632]. Nature Review in Neuroscience, 10(6), 459-466. Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., Hyare, H., & Lee, S. (1998). Selective attention to food-related stimuli in hunger: Are attentional biases specific to emotional and psychopathological states, or are they also found in normal drive states? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36(2), 227-237. Montano, N., Tobaldini, E., & Porta, A. (2012). The Autonomic Nervous System Stress Challenges and Immunity in Space. In A. Chouker (Ed.), (pp. 71-86): Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Panksepp, J., & Biven, L. (2012). The Archeology of Mind: Neuroevoloutionary Origins of Human Emotions. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company. Ritter, F. E., Kase, S. E., Klein, L. C., Bennett, J., & Schoelles, M. (2009). Fitting a model to behavior tells us what changes cognitively when under stress and with caffeine. In Proceedings of the the Biologically Inspired Cognitive Architectures Symposium at the AAAI Fall Symposium. Keynote presentation, 109-115:Washington, DC. Ritter, F. E., Reifers, A. L., Klein, L. C., & Schoelles, M. J. (2007). Lessons from defining theories of stress. In W. D. Gray (Ed.), Integrated Models of Cognitive Systems (pp. 254-262). New York, NY: OUP. Tuk, M. A., Trampe, D., & Warlop, L. (2011). Inhibitory Spillover. Psychological Science, 22(5), 627-633. Wright, N. D., Hodgson, K., Fleming, S. M., Symmonds, M., Guitart-Masip, M., & Dolan, R. J. (2012). Human responses to unfairness with primary rewards and their biological limits. [10.1038/srep00593]. Scientific Reports, 2.

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