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Lecture 4b: Verb Processes

Lecture 4b: Verb Processes. Relationship between sentence types. The relationship between one sentence type and another can be represented as a series of processes: add something change the form of something change the position of something.

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Lecture 4b: Verb Processes

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  1. Lecture 4b: Verb Processes

  2. Relationship between sentence types

  3. The relationship between one sentence type and another can be represented as a series of processes: • add something • change the form of something • change the position of something It can also be represented in terms of contrasting features or properties. We will present a 'derivational' model.

  4. Many of these processes involve verbs. These processesdistinguish Auxiliary Verbs from Lexical Verbs. • AUXILIARY VERB RAISING • AUXILIARY do INSERTION/SUPPORT

  5. Auxiliary raising S NP AUX VP PRESENT V NP Fred can play the violin can Fred ___ play the violin

  6. Tensed Auxiliary raising S NP AUX VP PRESENT V NP Fred can be playing the violin can Fred ___ be playing the violin *Can be Fred playing the violin?

  7. S NP AUX VP PAST V John sang * Sang John? No auxiliary verb Lexical verb cannot raise

  8. S NP AUX VP PAST V X John sang John did sing Do-support

  9. Auxiliary did raises S NP AUX VP PAST V John did sing did John ____ sing

  10. What position does tense-marking auxiliary raise into?

  11. CP C = complementiser S C NP AUX VP John did sing PAST V did John ____ sing

  12. Auxiliary raising and 'wh-words' in content interrogatives What can Fred play? Who can play the violin? Where does Fred play the violin? Why did John sing? How could John have been arrested? Whichman was arrested?

  13. Additional Processes: • wh- insertion • wh- movement • And... • auxiliary verb raising • do-support

  14. CP S NP C NP AUX VP PRESENT V NP John has seen someone John has seen who has John ___ seen who whohas John ____ seen ___

  15. CP S NP C NP AUX VP PAST V NP Mary saw someone Mary saw who Mary did see who did Mary ___ see who whodid Mary ___ see ___

  16. Negating a simple sentence requires addition of not following the tensed auxiliary Glen must finish the work. Glen must not finish the work. Roberta may have fed the bear. Roberta may not have fed the bear.

  17. If there is no auxiliary verb? Then Do-support John finished the work. *John not finished the work. *John finished not the work. John didnot finish the work.

  18. Negative Sentences S NP AUX VP PAST V NP John finished the work *John not finished the work *John finished not the work

  19. Negative Sentences S NP AUX VP PAST V NP John finished the work John did finish the work John did not finish the work

  20. Negative Sentences S NP AUX VP PAST V NP John didnot finish the work Contracted didn't Didn't John __________ finish the work?

  21. Tag questions: • substitute pronoun for subject NP • change polarity • if S is affirmative then tag is negative • if no auxiliary then do-support • if S is negative then tag is affirmative • auxiliary raising • if contracted AUX+NOT then both raise • if no auxiliary then do-support • omit predicate

  22. Creating 'tags'. John must go. He must go. He must not go. He mustn't go. Must he not go? Mustn't he go? Must he not___? Mustn't he ___? Pronoun substitution Change polarity Auxiliary raising Omit Predicate John must go, must he not? / mustn't he? You won't go. You will go. Will you go? Will you? You won't go, will you?

  23. S S NP AUX VP PAST V NP NP AUX VP PAST V PP John ate the cake. The cake was eaten by John. Active voice to Passive voice John ate the cake. The cake was eaten (by John)

  24. PASSIVE • passive be AUX • lexical verb must be in past participle form • no DO in VP (intransitive) • Subject NP has same referent as DO NP of active • PP headed by 'by' has NP complement with same referent as Subject NP of active • ACTIVE • no passive be AUX • lexical verb need not be in past participle form • DO in VP (transitive) • Subject NP and DO NP have distinct referents

  25. Summary • Many sentence types derived from affirmative declarative by application of a range of processes: • substitution of one form for another • addition of a word ( did, not) or phrase (wh-) • movement (tensed auxiliary; wh-movement) • Auxiliary verbs and Lexical verbs participate in different processes • Tense-marking on lexical verbs is restricted to a single environment: affirmative declarative S with no auxiliary verb • All other simple sentences require an auxiliary verb.

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