Lecture 3 English morphology-2

1. Lecture 3 English morphology-2

2. Lecture content • Articles • Definite article • Indefinite article • Verb - Identifying the verbs - Verb classification - Use verbs effectively and correctly - Verb tenses in brief - Present simple tense - Declarative or statement - Interrogative or question - Negative

3. Articles Articles are very difficult to learn because there are many rules, many exceptions, and many special cases. It is possible, however, to learn a few rules that will help you to use articles correctly much of the time. Nouns in English can be either countable or uncountable. If a noun is countable, it must be either singular or plural. In addition to these general types of nouns, there are 2 types of articles: definite (specific) and indefinite (general).

4. Articles Use articles with singular nouns If a noun is either countable plural or uncountable, it is possible to have either the definite article the or no article (indefinite). With all countable singular nouns, however, you must have an article (unless you have another determiner such as my or each).

5. Articles Distinguish a and anThe basic difference between a and an is that a used in front of consonants and an is used in front of vowels (a, e, i, o, u): a book an orange a man an illness a page an automobile

6. Articles There are 2 exceptions to this rule: U and h. When U is pronounced like the consonant y , it is preceded by the article a rather than an. When h is not pronounced, it is preceded by the article an rather than a. Pronouns the following examples: a university an unhappy man a unit an umbrella a hospital an honor a heart an hour

7. Definite and Indefinite articles See the examples: Tom will bring a book tomorrow. Tom will bring the book which I gave him. He will arrive on a Tuesday in July. He’ll arrive on the first Tuesday in July. He sailed on an ocean. He sailed on the Pacific Ocean.

8. Definite article

9. Verb A verb is the core of every sentence. Without a verb, a group of words is only a fragment of a sentence instead of a complete sentence. Even if a sentence contains only one word, that word must be a verb: Run!Wait. Every verb must have a subject, expressed or understood. In sentences such as Run! and Wait, the subject is understood to be you. The function of a verb is to assert something about its subject – that is, to tell what the subject does or that the subject is something: Birds sing. The flowers were blooming everywhere. Marie is a student. The book is on the table. Dog barks.

10. Verb • Identifying the verb. There is a simple way to identify the verb in a sentence. The verb is the word that will usually change its form if you change the time of the sentence. Nowadays I work in Darkhan. Last year I worked in UB. Someday I will work in UB again. SubjectVerb Object. • Kinds of verb. A verb is classified according to the kind of complement that follows it. a. A transitive verb is one that needs a direct object to complete its meaning. The teacher explained the rules. I hit the ball. b. An intransitive verb is one that does not need a direct object to complete its meaning. Sally sneezed. Lincoln died in 1865.

11. Verb • There is a special kind of verb called an auxiliary verb (or helping) verb that is used together with a main verb. The most common verbs used as auxiliaries are have, be, will (shall), and do. An auxiliary verb may contain more than one word, as in could have helped. The last word in the verb is the main verb. The others are called auxiliary verbs, or simply auxiliaries. They convey some condition of the main verb, such as tense or mood. The plane had left Hawaii. The plane is flying here nonstop. The plane will be landing soon. The plane did arrive on time. The plane should arrive on time. The plane must certainly have landed by now.

12. Regular and irregular verbs • If a verb is regular, the past simple and past participle end in –ed. Ex: Infinitive past simple past participle clean cleaned cleaned use used used stop stopped stopped • When the past simple / past participle do not end in –ed, the verb is irregular. Ex: see saw seen go went gone break broke broken

13. Regular and irregular verbs • With other irregular verbs, the past simple is the same as the past participle but different from the infinitive. Ex: tell told told bring brought brought build built built • With some irregular verbs, all three forms are the same. hit hithit bet betbet cut cutcut

14. Use verbs effectively and correctly • Subject and verb agreement. If the subject of a sentence is singular, then the verb must be singular; if the subject of the sentence is plural, then the verb must be plural. An s on a verb usually indicates that a verb is singular, while an s on a noun usually indicates that the noun is plural. (Do not forget irregular plurals of nouns, such as women, children and people etc.) The boy walks to school. The boys walk to school.

15. Verb tenses in brief • Verbs change in form to show the time of the action or linking they express. The six tenses are • Present tense: Present simple and Present continuous • Past tense: Past simple and Past continuous • Future tense: Future simple and Future continuous • Present perfect tense: Present perfect and Present perfect continuous • Past perfect tense: Past perfect and Past perfect continuous • Future perfect tense: Future perfect and Future perfect continuous

16. Present simple tense • We use the present simple to talk about things in general. - The earth goes round the sun. - Nurses look after patients in hospitals. • We use it to say that something happens all the time or repeatedly, or that something is true in general. - I usually go away at weekends. - Rice doesn’t grow in cold climates. - He works in a bank. • We use the present simple when we say how often we do things: - I get up at 7 o’clock every morning. - Bold doesn’t drink tea very often. - Do you usually play tennis in summer?

17. Present simple tense • Statement Subject Verb I, you, we, they verb He, she, it verb+s • Question Do I, you, we, they Verb? Does he, she, it Verb? • Negative I, you, we, they don’t verb. He, she, it doesn’t verb.

18. Present simple tense a. I live in Darkhan. Bat lives in UB. b. Do you live in Darkhan? Does Bat live in Darkhan? c. I don’t live in UB. Bat doesn’t live in Darkhan. Translate the sentences into Mongolian. a.×èÀíãëèàðÿðèäàãóó? ¯ã¿é, áèÀíãëèàðÿðèäàãã¿é. Áèîðîñîîðÿðèäàã. â. Áîëäáàíêèíäàæèëäàãóó? ¯ã¿é, Áîëäáàíêèíäàæèëäàãã¿é. Áîëäñóðãóóëüäàæèëäàã. ñ. Íàðàà, ×èìãýý 2 ñàãñòîãîëäîãóó? ¿ã¿é, òýð 2 ñàãñòîãîëäîãã¿é. Òýð 2 ãàðáºìáºãòîãîëäîã.

19. Thanks for your attention!