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Explore the fascinating world of quarks, leptons, and solar neutrinos - the building blocks of matter and the Sun's powerhouse. Learn about antimatter, thermonuclear fusion, and the enigmatic neutrinos that hold secrets about dark matter, dark energy, extra dimensions, antimatter, and cosmic inflation.
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UPRM Center Rafael Aramis López LEAD TEACHER
Quarks behave differently than leptons for each kind of matter particle there is a corresponding antimatter particle. Everything from galaxies to mountains, to molecules is made from “First Generation” quarks and leptons. The Universe is made of Quarks and Leptons
Matter and Antimatter For every type of matter particle we've found, there also exists a corresponding antimatter particle, or antiparticle. Antiparticles look and behave just like their corresponding matter particles, except they have opposite charges.
What Powers the Sun? Its Source of Energy The Sun is a big thermonuclear reactor that works by converting hydrogen into helium. Gravitational Contraction? Chemical Reaction?
Sun Facts Average distance from Earth = 93 million miles (~150 million km) Radius = 418,000 miles (696,000 km) Mass = 1.99 x 1030 kg (330,000 Earth masses) Makeup (by mass) = 74% H, 25% He 1% other elements Average Temp. = 5,800 Kelvin (surface) 15.5 million Kelvin (core) Average density = 1.41 grams / cm3 Rotational period = 25 days (center) to 35 days (poles)
The Sun’s Interior The Core, at about 15,000,000 K, is the source of the Sun’s energy. The site of the thermonuclear fusion.
Its Source of Energy Thermonuclear Fusion Reaction 4 1H --> 4He +energy Energy Produced = 0.007(mass of 4 1H)c2
Solar Energy Production To get the positively-charged nuclei to fuse together, their electrical repulsion must be overcome.
Mass to Energy! One helium nucleus has 99.3% of the weight of four hydrogen nuclei. This excess of 0.7% of hydrogen mass compared with helium mass is converted into energy. We can calculate the amount of energy create from the excess of mass by using E=mC2. The creation of each helium nucleus requires four hydrogen nuclei.
Solar Energy Production The net result is 6 1H + 2 e --> 4He + 2 1H + 2 neutrinos + 6 photons or 4 1H + 2 e --> 4He + 2 neutrinos + 6 photons The net energy release is 26 MeV!
Solar Neutrinos • Neutrino, Italian word for little neutral, was the term used by Enrico Fermi to name it. • Neutrinos existencewassuggested byWolfgang Pauli in1931. • Their existence was confirmed with the discovery of the Neutron in 1932.
Neutrinos • Neutrinos are tiny, electrically neutral, sub-atomic particles. • They interact so weak with other matter. • It’s the most mysterious of the known particles . • Physicist have gathered strong evidence for neutrino oscillations. • Neutrinos are their own antiparticle.
Super-Kamiokande • Large 50,000 ton tank of highly purifiedwater, located about 2700 meters underground in the Mozumi Mine. • The walls are lined with 11,146 photomultiplier tubes. They are very sensitive light detectors and they can detect single photons.
Super-Kamiokande • Super-Kamiokande is a ring-imaging water Cerenkov detector. • Electricaly charged particles (with large energy) traveling in water produces Cerenkov light.
What are Neutrinos Telling Us? • DARK MATTER? • DARK ENERGY? • EXTRA DIMENSIONS? • ANTIMATTER? • COSMIC INFLATION?
