Review of Chapter One

1. Review of Chapter One • Sources of Political Conflict? • Government’s role in Political Conflict? • Tools of Government for its role? • Gov’s method to managePolitical Conflict? • How are the two main rule types different? • What are the various source of structural rules? • What is the nature of the Rules? • How & why do the Rules change with time?

2. Key Terms Summary: • Material scarcity: The inability of a society to provide its citizens with all the goods and services they may want or need. • Values: Principles and beliefs embraced by society. • Legitimacy: A self-imposed willingness of citizens to respect and obey the decisions of their government. • Coercive force: The ability of a government to compel its citizens to obey its decisions. • Structural rules: Rules that establish the organization, procedures, and powers of government. • Policy rule: A decision a government institution reaches on a specific political question within its jurisdiction.

3. Chapter 2a Learning Objectives- The Constitution: • (1). Examine the Constitution as a reflection of political conflict. • (2). Discuss impact of the Colonial Experience on the founding fathers. • (3). Summarize the shortcomings of the Articles of Confederation. • (4). Examine politics of Constitutional Convention & its ratification. • (5). Analyze political philosophy of Founding Fathers & influence. • (6). Examine the theoretical basis of the Declaration of Independence. • (7). Explain conflict: Individual Rights vs.majority Democratic Rule. • (8). Discuss potential problem of Majority Rule & how its moderated.

4. The Constitution - some general points • Short document compared with that of states • Oldest National constitution now in use • Little changed in contrasts to that of states • 27 amendments in over 200 years • 1st Ten Amendments made almost immediately • Americans hold Constitution in high regard • But most never read it or know what’s in it

5. General points- continued: • Constitution is a living document => interpretation • Lays out government’s basic structure • Role of key political institutions • Constitution is a political document=> not perfect • Represents political compromises made at the time • Written in a way to gain ratification of most at least 9 of 13 Colonies • Result: difficult issues side stepped or made their wording made ambiguous • Inherent Presidential Powers left to George Washington’s discretion while on the job • Slavery & women’s rights left to future generations

6. Constitution as a Reflection of Political Conflict • The Colonial Experience: • Previous 150 years of relative independence from London • Parliament’s post French & Indian War actions • Britain's need to pay for war & security => • Acquired new territory from France & Spain • How to pay? (from Colonial perspective) => • “Taxation without representation” • King George III & his appointed governors • Greater centralized rule from London => • Less autonomy of Colonial Legislators

7. England's Political Situation - 1760's As King Georges’s assertion of power steadily rose The legitimacy of the English government fell What was the impact of this change on the Colonies?

8. Impact on Colonies • Growing colonial resentment toward “tyranny” • Mistrust of centralized power • (King located across Atlantic in London) • Manifested especially in King’s appointed colonial governors • King appointed and paid the salaries of his governors • (Greater allegiance to King not the Colonists he governed) • Americans had more trust in states & their legislature • American attitude (especially following the War for Independence) influenced as a result: • Shaped founding fathers attitudes* toward government

9. Colonists saw a decentralizedgovernment (with its diffusion of power) as preferable to a highly centralizedgovernment. Decentralized Power centralized Centralized Power Branch1 VS. The King Power Defused Branch2 Branch 3 Attitude incorporated into Articles of Confederation

10. The Articles of ConfederationKey Questions: • What is the source of national government’s power? • Type of government under Articles? • Inherent problem with this type of government?

11. The Articles of Confederation • National Government only had powers that the states granted it. • States retain their sovereignty, or supreme power, within their borders. • The National Government would only have power to negotiate foreign relations. • Articles did not provide for executive branch.

12. Foreign policy run by Federal government States grant powers Articles of Confederation No Executive Branch States retain sovereignty

13. Realities & Problems of the Articles of Confederation • States negotiated own trade agreement with Europe • States imposed their own tariffs- problem? • Impeded Interstate Commerce & development of a National Economy • The wealthy class was unhappy with laws passed by state legislatures (to disadvantage of wealthy class). • What practical example demonstrated Articles’ failure & weakness?*

14. Shay’s Rebellion • The participants in Shay’s rebellion protested Massachusetts’ economic policy • (State’s foreclosure of farms of tax delinquent farmers) • Governor asked for national government to put down the rebellion— • no one came. • This rebellion highlighted the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation => result?

15. The Constitutional Convention • What is the best form of government? • What are the interests of the people and their leaders? • How can a government be organized that best meets the needs of all? ISSUES AND DEBATES

16. Three Critical Disputes: • How to allocaterepresentation(political power)in the new Congress • How to deal with the question ofslavery • How to define thepowersof the new executive office ofpresidency

17. The Answers involved: • Compromise • Calculated ambiguity in wording • And a lot of politics during the Convention • (“Horse Trading”)

18. The Politics of the Constitutional Convention: • Structuring representation of National Legislature: • Setting agenda – Virginia Plan*(Madison’s role) • Counter proposal – New Jersey Plan* • Conflicting interests: big versus little states • Resolving conflict through compromise • Final outcome – (compare & contrast) => *

19. The Virginia Plan called for: • Two house legislature • Separate executive branch • Separate judicial branch What were the responsibilities of each branch?*

20. Responsibilities of each branch: Legislative Branch Executive Branch Judicial Branch Make the Laws Enforces Laws Interpret Laws

21. The Legislature under the Virginia Plan Under this plan, voters elect the LowerHouse, which, in turn, elects the Upper House Upper House Lower House Voters

22. New Jersey PlanSmall States’ Counter-Proposal: One House=> Each State Equal Number of Representatives elects How was the conflict between the two plans resolved?

23. The Connecticut Compromise Split the difference: House of Representatives Based on Population Two Seats per State Senate

24. Summary: Compare & Contrast New Jersey Plan America’s Constitution Virginia Plan

25. The Second major Issue: Slavery • Concerns of the Southern States • Economic & cultural way of life • Southern states were concerned about receivingequal representationin Congress. • The North had a greater population • Therefore more potential power to make laws • The South feared that the Northern Legislators would outlaw slavery. • How was the slavery issue addressed?

26. The Three-Fifths Compromise • Northern States agreed to count slaves asthree-fifthsof a person as a compromise • For the purpose of counting South’s state population • To insure South’s participation in new Government

27. 3rd Issue: Debate over Presidential Powers • Focus of that debate:* • Basic conflict over delegated powers • Method for resolving those conflicts • The Role of George Washington

28. Determining the Powers of the President • Some wanted a strong executive branch • Others wanted a weak executive • How was this conflict solved? => • To solve this conflict=> • The powersdelegated to the President were intentionally kept ambiguous(Why not a problem?) • George Washingtonwas generally consideredtrustworthy by everyone: • And largely assumed that he would be the first President (why?) • Washington’s track record during Revolutionary War

29. Next: The Politics of Ratification • Taking sides: Federalistsvs.Anti-federalists • Defining the agenda => advantage of being positive • Making the rules for Ratification“just right” • Why nine states? • (9 out of 13 – RI = ¾) • Conventions of states vs. state legislatures • Legitimate Anti-Federalists issue? • Bill of Rights (Guaranteed individual liberties) • Protections against a strong central government • Difficult for Federalists to ignore

30. “Colossus of Despotism” • Antifederalists saw the Constitution as a potential tool of tyranny • They called it the “most daring attempt to establish a despotic aristocracy among freemen, that the world has ever witnessed." • How did the Federalists respond?

31. The Federalists’ Response: = Rules of Ratification* Bill of Rights Ratification

32. The Rules for Ratification • Federalists decided to put the vote to special state conventions rather than state legislatures • why? • Who occupied most of the seats in state legislatures? • Federalists also decided that 9 of the 13 states would be required to approve the Constitution • (rather than the unanimous approval required by the Articles) • Why? • (Where was Rhode Island?)

33. Constitution was also a Reflection of the Founders’ Political Philosophy • Founders’ Political Philosophy comprised: • Individual Rights and Democratic Rule • As articulated by 18th century Classical liberalism* • Individual rights and the role of government* • Majority rule versus Minority rights • Delicate balance of the two • Lets examine Classical liberalism*

34. Classical Liberalism • Founder’s embraced 18th century political philosophy which asserted: • Individuals have intrinsic value • Their rights are natural or inalienable • Their rights cannot be denied • Government’s role & purpose? • Safeguard these rights • Governments should act IAW majority desires • but also act to protect individual’s rights • What document articulates this philosophy?*

35. The Declaration of Independence • The influence of the doctrine ofnatural rightsis evident in theDeclaration of Independence(1776), which declares that the (people) are: • “endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these areLife, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.” • What are the ways these rights could be threatened in a Democracy and how can this be prevented?

36. Majority Tyranny • A situation in which the majority uses its advantage in numbers to suppress the rights of the minority. • A major concern of the Founding Fathers- why? • (They were in the minority!) • Paradox of Majority Rule: • One group’s interests countering another’s • Role of the Federalists Papers - key authors? • Preventing Majority Tyranny: * • Individual rights trump majority preferences • Constant balancing act of government to protect • Three ways to ensure this balance?

37. 3 Ways to Prevent a Majority Tyranny • 1.Establish rules • Make it difficult to form a permanent electoral majority • 2.Divide governing authority • Three branches of government (horizontal division) • State and Federal (vertical division) • 3.Place limits on government • & What it can do • Lets examine in detail=>

38. Preventing Majority Tyranny – Finding the right balance: • Electoral rules => • 1. Democracyvs.Republicanism* • 2. Indirect elections * (Text: Figure 2-1) • 3. Fixed terms of office • 4. Geographically defined representation • National vs. states & districts (Colonial experience) • Divided Authority* (horizontal separation) • Separation of Powers* • (The Three Branches of government) • Checks & Balances* (Text: Figure 2-2)

39. 1. Democracy vs. Republicanism • Democracy: • A form of government in which the people are the ultimate political authority • (defined broadly to include all adults or narrowly to exclude women or slaves, for example) • Republicanism: • A system of government in which the people’s selected representatives run the government

40. Electoral Rules #2: Indirect Elections • The founders of the United States, fearing a permanent ruling majority, established an indirect form of election. • The founders believed that if governmentofficials were insulated from the passions of the public, it would be easier to protect the rights of the minorities. • Contrast Directvs. Indirect elections: • (illustrated in next three slides =>)

41. Direct Elections-illustration: Under the original provisions of the Constitution, the members of theHouse of Representativeswere the only government officials that people selected directly. V o t e r s House of Representatives

42. Indirect Elections(Before 17th Amendment*): All other government officials were to be selected by the states, or appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate. V o t e r s Electoral College President Supreme Court State Legislatures Senate* House of Representatives

43. Indirect Elections (After 17th Amendment): In 1913, the passage of the 17th Amendment allowed the people to elect directly senators, which eliminated the states’ roles in choosing senators. Electoral College V o t e r s President Supreme Court States Legislatures Senate House of Representatives

44. Fixed Terms of Office • Elections set on fixed dates help prevent permanent electoral majorities. • Elections cannot be rescheduled to take advantage of favorable circumstances • As is done in some other (Parliamentary) Democracies.

45. Electoral Rule #2: Staggered Elections Representatives 2 years President 4 years Senators 6 years Elections for Senators are staggered—1/3 of the Senators are up for reelection every two years.

46. Electoral Rule #4: Geographically Defined Representation • The founders reasoned that by having geographic representation it would be difficult for any particular group to win a national majority => for example: • Senators are chosen by state. • Representatives are chosenby district. • Finally- the role of Divided Authority=>

47. Separation of Powers • The founders took this doctrine from Baron deMontesquieu. • The principle that each of the three powers of government“legislative, executive,andjudicial”should be held by a separate branch of government.

48. Separation of PowersandChecks & Balances • To protect against majority tyranny, the founders created a system based on two closely linked principles: • 1. Separation of powers • Divides the federal government into three equal branches(which are?) • 2. Checks and balances • Gives each branch powers that enable it to prevent the other branches from taking actions that it opposes. • Both principles are different yet closely linked! • (Know the difference!)

49. Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances (examples)

50. Preventing Majority Tyranny – Divided Authority (continued) • Bicameral legislature (Senate vs. House) • Concurrent majority - ? • (when is a bill ready for President to sign ?) • Federalism*(vertical division of authority) • (How does Federalism divide power?)* • (How different from horizontal division?)