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The Philippine War

The Philippine War. 1899-1902. 1899: Conventional Operations. U.S. Commander: Elwell S. Otis 8 th Corps starts Luzon campaign Feb. 4-5. (suspends in May). November, main Filipino army routed, Luzon and other main islands occupied. Army Civic Programs. Sponsored programs that improved:

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The Philippine War

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  1. The Philippine War 1899-1902

  2. 1899: Conventional Operations • U.S. Commander: Elwell S. Otis • 8th Corps starts Luzon campaign Feb. 4-5. (suspends in May). • November, main Filipino army routed, Luzon and other main islands occupied.

  3. Army Civic Programs • Sponsored programs that improved: • Transportation • Communications • Education • Public Health

  4. 1900-1902:Insurgency becomes a guerrilla war • Filipino opposition: • Becomes decentralized. • War devolves into numerous small conflicts that encompass local factors. • Larger political goals of resistance: • Possible Democratic victory in U.S. elections of 1900. • Foreign intervention.

  5. Guerrilla warfare • Military tactics: • Ambushes, hit-and-run operations. • Dispersal in face of superior force. • Sniping; sabotage; setting traps. • Political tactics: • Terror • Shadow governments

  6. U.S. manpower issues • Volunteers in Philippines eligible for discharge when Treaty of Paris ratified. • March 1899: Congressional act keeps regular army at 65,000 men, allows president to call up 35,000 more volunteers.

  7. Ongoing problems,new commander • Commander, May 1900 - July 1901: Arthur MacArthur • Will take harsher stance with guerrillas while continuing civic programs.

  8. MacArthur’s policies • Neutralization of guerilla leaders. • Hunting down insurgent bands. • Invoked General Orders No. 100. • Supported Filipino Federal party.

  9. Rebel Setbacks • November 1900: McKinley wins re-election. • Fall 1900 – Spring 1901: MacArthur implements tougher policies.

  10. March 1901:Emilio Aguinaldo captured • Arrested in surprise raid by Filipino scouts.

  11. More U.S. manpower issues • More men needed to cope with insurgency. • Competing need: Boxer Rebellion. • Volunteer enlistments to expire July 1901.

  12. Solutions • February 1901: Congress increases size of Regular Army to 100,000. • Filipinos recruited to assist U.S. Army: • Scouts: 5,400 by June 1901 • police: 6,000 by June 1901 • Philippine Constabulary (created by civil government): 3,000 by January 1902.

  13. The Last Pacification Campaigns: July 1901 – spring 1902 • U.S. commander: Adna R. Chaffee • Areas of continuing resistance: • Batangas province on Luzon • Island of Samar

  14. Balangiga Massacre • Sept. 28, 1901: A U.S. infantry company in a village on Samar surprised by armed men. • Of 78 soldiers, most killed or missing. • Sparks brutal response.

  15. General Jacob H. Smith orders retaliation, destruction on Samar

  16. J. Franklin Bell pacifies Batangas • Troops chase insurgents. • Destroy crops, livestock. • Move population into camps.

  17. Concerns about atrocities

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