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The Evolution of the U.S. Internet Peering Ecosystem

Explore the changes in peering practices since the telecom crash and understand the motivations and behaviors of peering across Internet regions.

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The Evolution of the U.S. Internet Peering Ecosystem

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  1. The Evolution of the U.S. Internet Peering Ecosystem William B. Norton Co-Founder and Chief Technical Liaison Equinix, Inc. NANOG 31 – San Francisco, CA

  2. Peer Trek

  3. Research Internet Operations Research 5 yr Mission w/Peering Coordinators 90% Externally Focused Correct Lack of Operations Documentation on Peering Practices Document Internet Operations findings in publicly available White Papers…

  4. Process Network Operations Document • Find Operations Area • Experts-White Paper v0.1 • Community Walk Through • Revise White Paper • Present White Paper at conferences • Solicit comments over lunches and dinners

  5. Documents Public Network Operations Documents “”Interconnection Strategies for ISPs “Internet Service Providers and Peering “A Business Case for Peering “The Art of Peering: The Peering Playbook “The Peering Simulation Game “Do ATM based Internet Exchanges Make Sense? “Evolution of the U.S. Peering Ecosystem “Asia Pacific Peering Guidebook Email to wbn@equinix.com for any of these

  6. Question The Evolution of the U.S. Peering Ecosystem “”150 Peering Coordinators: How has Peering changed since Telecom Crash? Foreign Tier 1 ISP enters U.S. and expects peering with all the Tier 1 ISPs – -> explain / document motivations of “NO Explain Peering Motivations and Behavior, particularly across Internet Regions

  7. The U.S. Peering Ecosystem The Internet Peering Ecosystem Internet Regions • Definition: Global Internet Peering Ecosystem consists of many • Autonomous but interconnected Internet Regions (Countries) • Each Internet Region has roughly three classes of “organism” • each with their own position, motivationspredict peering behavior: • Tier 1 ISPs • Tier 2 ISPs • Content Players • NOTE: reclaiming definitions HERE

  8. 3 Ge Tier 1 ISP Model Tier 1 ISP S A SEA CHI NYC U G SJO ASH LAX ATL Q C DAL L Peering Links 1998 Def: An ISP that has access to the entire Internet Region routing table , solely through Peering Relationships. Tier 1 ISP Tier 2 ISP Content Tier 1 ISP Transit (Downstream) Links Peering Behavior Motivation: “We don’t need any more Peering.” Inclination: Restrictive 8 Interconnection Regions

  9. 9 Upstream Links Ge Tier 2 ISP Model Tier 2 ISP Peering Links 1998 Def: All non-Tier 1 ISPs (must buy transit) Tier 1 ISP Tier 2 ISP Content Transit (Downstream) Links Peering Behavior Motivation: Peer to reduce transit fees, performance Inclination: OpenSelective Sparse Peering

  10. Upstream Links Ge Content Provider Model Content Provider 1998 Def: ProvideS content, Does not peer, Does not sell transit, Mostly Outbound Traffic Tier 1 ISP Tier 2 ISP Content Content Provider Peering Behavior Motivation: Focus on End-User Experience: generally few netstaff Inclination: No Peering

  11. The Internet Peering Ecosystem The Internet Peering Ecosystem Pre-Crash: 1998 Pre-Crash : circa 2000

  12. U.S. Internet Region Tier 1 ISPs 1998 Transit Tier 1 ISP Tier 2 ISP Content In-group Peering Tier 2 ISPs Content Tier 1 Full Mesh Tier 2 Sparse Mesh Transit $388/Mbps Booming Economy Peering Growth And then, the crash…

  13. BSOD?

  14. No, not that type of Crash… Not that type of Crash

  15. The Telecom Industry Crash Internet Peering Ecosystem Crash: ’99-’01 Pre-Crash : circa 2000

  16. Five key events led to a drastic disruption in the U.S. Peering Ecosystem: Internet Peering Ecosystem Crash: ’99-’01 1) Tier 1 ISP Bankruptcies 2) The growth of the Used Equipment Market 3) The Upstream Provider for the Cable Companies (@Home) went bankrupt 4) Peer-to-Peer file sharing systems (like Kazaa) grow in popularity, traffic grows exponentially between Access Providers (1.5MB MP3  700MB AVI files) 5) Transit Prices Drop, Transport Prices Drop Led to 3 major evolutions……  A new Organism

  17. Cable Company Ge Cable Organism Transit (Upstream) Links @HOME Handled Internet 30-60 days notice Tier 1 Transit 40% Traffic Kazaa 3-5 Gbps of transit  Up to 2Gbps of Peering Traffic! 2002 Peering Links Tier 1 ISP Tier 2 ISP Content Cable Co. Cable Co Peering Behavior Motivation: Peer to save money, improve performance Inclination:Open-Selective Sparse (Regional) Peering

  18. U.S. Cable Companies Eyeballs 12,665,600

  19. AOL is the 800 Pound Gorilla AOL

  20. T1 ISPs T2 ISPs Content Evolution #1 Cable Companies Peer Evolution #1 Significant Evolution… • Volume of traffic is huge • Cable Cos Open Peering • “Kazaa Effect” amplifies • peering benefits

  21. 393 Large Scale Network Savvy Content Providers Ge Large Scale Network Savvy Content Player Organism Transit (Upstream) Links Transit (Upstream) Links 2002 Large Scale Network Savvy Content Player Peering Links Tier 1 ISP Tier 2 ISP Content Cable Co. LSNSCP Peering Behavior Motivation: Peer to save money, improve performance Inclination:Open Sparse (Regional) Peering

  22. Evolution #2 Large Scale Content Players Peer T1 ISPs Significant Evolution… • Volume of traffic is huge • Content is Open Peering • Improves End-User • Experience • 4) Leading Players are • paving the way • …need to move out of • Bankrupt colo anyway… T2 ISPs T2 ISPs Content Content

  23. Evolution #3 Cable Cos Peer w/Large Scale Content Players T1 ISPs Significant Evolution… • Volume of traffic pulled away • from T1s is huge • 2) Reduces perceived need for • T1s (for local delivery anyway) • 3) T1s still needed for distance •  Content Literally right on the • Cable Company Network T2 ISPs T2 ISPs T2 ISPs Content Content Content

  24. Peering Ecosystem Evolution Summary Excite@Home

  25. Questions?

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