What do you know T-Chart

1. What do you know T-Chart Catholicism Protestantism • Head of the religion • Religious capital (city) • Name of clergy members • Rules for clergy (marriage, dress) • Language at services Pope Rome Priest, Bishop, Archbishop No marriage Wear anything (expensive) Latin JC & G-D None Priests Yes marriage Modest (plain) Vernacular

2. Causes of the Reformation • Renaissance • Values • Printing Press & Vernacular • Powerful Monarchs • People were unhappy with the Church • Corruption

3. Abuses in the Church • Charged fees for services: • marriages, funerals, & baptisms • Raise money to support their lifestyle • Simony • Selling of Church offices • Marriage of Priests • Salvation through ---- Indulgences

4. Indulgences • $$ ppl paid to priests • decreased soul’s time in purgatory • Released sinner from performing penalty for sins • A pardon • John Tetzel • Offered indulgences to anyone who contributed money for rebuilding the Cathedral of St. Peter, Rome. • not only living people, but for dead relatives too

5. Early Critics • John Wycliffe & Jan Hus • Denied Pope had worldly power • Bible had more power than Church leaders

6. Protestant Reformation: Luther Challenges the Church

7. Background… • rough childhood • His parents peasants & cruel • Storm changed Luther’s life • devotes his life to church • Wants to be good Christian • Unhappy w/church

8. Luther the Monk • Spent every waking hr. trying to earn way into heaven • The harder Luther worked, the more disillusioned by the demands of the church • Luther became upset • Problems in church & Johann Tetzel

9. Problems With the Church? • Popes became very rich • Popes were involved in wars • Many priests & monks were poorly educated • No German Bibles • Many also had wives & children!

10. Luther Challenges the Church • Luther’s response: • The 95 Thesis • This starts the Reformation

11. 95 Theses • Nails to Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany • Major Points • Bible Alone • Bible is Ultimate Authority • Faith alone • Salvation only attained by faith • All are equal • All believers are equal under god

12. Called for Modifications • Rejected 5 of 7 sacraments, not in the Bible • Banned indulgences, confession, pilgrimages, prayers to saints • Allow clergy to marry

13. Response of the Church • Pope Leo issues decree • Threaten excommunication • Luther refuses to recant = Luther excommunicated • Though excommunicated; ideas still spread. How?

14. Holy Roman Emperor • Charles V • Devout Catholic • Diet at Worms • Ordered Luther to trial • Luther refused to recant • Edict of Worms

15. Luther’s Response at Worms • I am bound by the Scriptures I have quoted and my conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and I will not retract anything, since it is neither safe nor right to go against conscience. I cannot do otherwise, here I stand, may God help me. Amen.

16. Edict of Worms • Charles declared Luther an outlaw & heretic • What does this mean for Luther? • What happened to Luther after the trial? • Some princes helped him • Luther’s followers became known as • Lutherans • Anyone that protested against Catholic Church become known as • Protestants

17. German Princes • German Princes • Shared beliefs • Some want land back • From Charles V • Others remained loyal to Pope • War w/Charles V • Charles V tried to force Lutheran princes back into the Catholic Church • Protestants vs. Catholics • Peace of Augsburg

18. Peace of Augsburg • Peace of Augsburg allowed princes to decide religion of their land: • Catholic or Lutheran • Most northern states: Lutheran • Southern states: Catholic

19. Henry VIII Breaks With the Church

20. Henry’s Background • King of England at 18 • Henry was loyal to the church • Henry criticized Luther • “Limb of the Devil” • The Pope called Henry VIII • “Defender of the Faith”

21. Cause of the Reformation in England • PROBLEM!!! • Feared civil war after his death • Henry needed an heir • Henry & Catherine of Aragon had one child: • Mary ~ no woman had ever successfully claimed the throne • Henry & Catherine’s five other children had all died at birth

22. Henry’s Solution?A new wife! • Henry thought his wife was the problem (Genes??) • He wanted to marry another woman: Anne Boleyn • The problem? • The Pope was under the influence of Charles V • Catherine’s cousin • He would not grant the divorce

23. Henry’s Plan B?Separate From the Church! • Henry asked Parliament to strip the Pope of his power over England • The Act of Supremacy • This act declared the king the head of the Church in England • Parliament then gave Henry his divorce • He married Anne Boleyn

24. Plan C? • Anne Boleyn • Gave birth to a daughter ~ Elizabeth • What was Henry to do? • Charge her w/treason • Have her beheaded • Jane Seymour • Gave him a son~ Edward • She died and he married 3 more times • No more children

25. Catherine of Aragon (Divorced) Anne Boleyn (Beheaded) Jane Seymour (Died) Anne of Cleves (Divorced) Catherine Howard (Beheaded) Catherine Parr(Survived)

26. Effects of the Reformation in England • Religious Turmoil • Edward ~ guided by devout Protestants • Introduced protestant reforms to Eng. • Mary ~ Catholic • Returned English Church to the rule of the Pope • Violence – “Bloody Mary” • Not everyone wanted to return to Catholic Church • She had many Protestants killed

27. Elizabeth • Est. Church of England ~Anglican Church • No Pope – Elizabeth • Only legal church in Eng. • For Protestants • Priests allowed to marry • Sermons in English • For Catholics • Kept things like rich robes • Revised the services

28. New Religions& The Spread of the Reformation

29. Roman Catholic • Pope - head of Church • Canon Law • Salvation by indulgences • Priest interprets Bible for everyone

30. Protestant • Anabaptism: • a member of a 16th c Protestant movement promoting the doctrine of adult baptism on the grounds that only adults can accept & declare their faith on their own behalf

31. Lutheran • Martin Luther: Germany • Bible is word of God • All believers are equal • Believers interpret bible • Salvation attained by faith alone

32. Anglican • Henry VIII • Church of England • Ready to watch the video again? • English Monarch head of Church • Salvation by faith • Bible source of revealed truth • Believers interpret Bible w/ tradition and reason

33. John Calvin • Follower of Luther • Fled to Geneva, Switz. to avoid persecution The Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536) • Summary of Protestant philosophy • Influential in spreading Protestant beliefs

34. Calvin’s Main Ideas • Predestination • People naturally sinful • God would select a “chosen few” to be sin free • How is this different from Luther’s ideas? • Theocracy: • Gov’t controlled by religious leaders • The chosen ones would rule in society & glorify god • Salvation reached through faith alone • Bible only source of truth

35. Calvin’s Geneva • Calvin & his followers ran the city • Fines and other punishments for fighting, swearing, laughing in church, or dancing. Closed theatres, no elaborate dress • Those who broke the rules • Imprisoned, excommunicated, banished • If you preached different doctrines • Might be burned at the stake

36. John Knox • Knox visited Geneva • Knox brought Protestantism to Scotland • Knox est. Protestant communities • governed by a small group of elders • Presbyters (Presbyterians)

37. Protestant Churches Spread • French Calvinists = Huguenots • Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Scotland, England were all dominated by Protestants by the end of the 1500s

38. The Counter-Reformation

39. Ignatius • Catholic from Spain • Injured in battle w/Fr. • During recovery, thought about his relationship w/god • Spiritual Exercises • Day-by-day plan for prayer & study • Believed they cleansed his soul • Founded the Society of Jesus • Jesuits

40. The Three Activities of the Jesuits • Created schools where priests were well educated • Converted non-Christians • Devoted to stopping the spread of Protestantism

41. Reform of the Church • Goals: • Strengthen the Catholic Church • Combat Protestantism • Popes took action to fix problems w/in the church • Investigated simony, indulgences, and other abuses in the church • Called Council of Trent into session

42. The Council of Trent • The Pope’s interpretation of the Bible was final. • Those who disagreed were heretics • Christians were not saved by faith alone • It was faith and good deeds • The Bible and Church shared equal authority • Indulgences, pilgrimages and other church practices were acceptable