Pakistan Society of Actuaries Actuarial Seminar 2012 The IFA Actuaries ’ Code

1. Pakistan Society of ActuariesActuarial Seminar 2012The IFA Actuaries’ Code Wednesday 26th December 2012

2. PSoA – Actuarial Seminar 2012 In December 2010 we went over the Pakistan Society of Actuaries’ code of professional conduct and looked at some selected principles and guidelines. In March 2011 we went over 5 of the 13 precepts that underpin the Society of Actuaries’ code of professional conduct. Today we will spend about 30 minutes going over the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries’ code of professional conduct or The Actuaries’ Code. I will follow this by an example of a conflict of interest scenario with an analysis of how it could be dealt with. We will have about 50 minutes to discuss this case and any other points people want to raise.

3. PSoA - The IFA Actuaries’ Code • The UK actuaries’ code came into force on 1st October 2009 replacing the former Professional Conduct Standards. • It is principles based, setting out 5 core principles, supplemented by a small number of Actuarial Professional Standards (APS) and a variety of resource materials (case studies and Q&As). • It was reviewed this year (2012).

4. PSoA - The IFA Actuaries’ Code The Actuaries’ Code Application All actuaries, which for this purpose means anyone subject to the DisciplinaryScheme of the Faculty of Actuaries in Scotland or of the Institute of Actuaries(the disciplinary schemes). They are referred to in this Code as “members”. Scope The Code applies at all times to members’ conduct in their work as actuaries,but will also be taken into consideration where their conduct in other contextscould reasonably be considered to reflect on the Profession. Status and purpose The Code consists of principles which members are expected to observe in thepublic interest and in order to build and promote confidence in the work ofactuaries and in the Actuarial Profession.The Code will be taken into account if a member’s conduct is called intoquestion for the purposes of the Actuarial Profession’s disciplinary schemes.It is not a set of rules, and conduct that falls short of the Code will notinevitably constitute misconduct. Equally, members will be expected to observethe Code’s spirit in their professional conduct.

5. PSoA - The IFA Actuaries’ Code 1. Integrity: members will act honestly and with the highest standards of integrity. 1.1 Members will show respect for others in the way they conduct themselves in their professional lives. 1.2 Members will respect confidentiality unless disclosure is permitted by law and justified in the public interest. 1.3 Members will be honest, open and truthful in promoting their business services.

6. PSoA - The IFA Actuaries’ Code 2. Competence and care: members will perform their professional duties competently and with care. 2.1 Members will consider who their advice and/or services are being provided to (their clients). In many cases this may be their employer. 2.2 Members will not act unless: a) they have an appropriate level of relevant knowledge and skill; or b) they are acting on the advice of an individual who has the appropriate level of relevant knowledge and skill and all interested parties are aware that this is the case; or c) they are acting under the direct supervision of another member who is taking professional responsibility for that work. 2.3 Members will consider whether advice from other professions and other specialists is necessary to assure the relevance and quality of their work.

7. PSoA - The IFA Actuaries’ Code 2. Competence and care: members will perform their professional duties competently and with care. 2.4 Members will take care that the advice or services they deliver are appropriate to the instructions and needs of the client, including the legal and other rules which may govern the matter, having due regard to others, such as policyholders of an insurer, members of a pension scheme, or any analogous persons whose interests are affected by the work of the member. 2.5 Members will agree with the client the scope and nature of any appointment or instruction. 2.6 Members will agree with the client the basis for their remuneration before commencing an appointmentor instruction and before any material change in the scope of an existing appointment or instruction. 2.7 Members will keep their competence up to date.

8. PSoA – The IFA Actuaries’ Code 3. Impartiality: members will not allow bias, conflict of interest, or the undue influence of others to override their professional judgement. 3.1 Members will ensure that their ability to provide objective advice to their clients is not, and cannot reasonably be seen to be, compromised. 3.2 A conflict of interests arises if a member’s duty to act in the best interests of any client conflicts with: a) the member’s own interests; or b) an interest of the member’s firm; or c) the interests of other clients. 3.3 Members will take reasonable steps to ensure that they are aware of any relevant interest, including income, of their firm.

9. PSoA – The IFA Actuaries’ Code 3. Impartiality: members will not allow bias, conflict of interest, or the undue influence of others to override their professional judgement. 3.4Members will disqualify themselves from acting where there is a conflict of interest that cannot be reconciled. 3.5 Members will document the steps they have taken to reconcile a conflict and will agree those steps with theirclients if they would be ineffective without agreement. 3.6 Before accepting any assignment, members will consider carefully whether they should consult with any member who previously held such a position with the client, to establish whether there might be any professionalreason why the assignment should be declined.

10. PSoA – The IFA Actuaries’ Code 4. Compliance: members will comply with all relevant legal, regulatory and professionalrequirements, take reasonable steps to ensure they are not placed in a position where theyare unable to comply, and will challenge non-compliance by others. 4.1 Members will speak up to their clients or to their employers, or both, if they believe, or reasonably ought to believe, that a course of action is unlawful, unethical or improper. 4.2 Members will fulfil any obligations to report information to relevant regulatory authorities. 4.3Where there is legal protection available, members will report behaviour that they have reasonable cause tobelieve is unlawful, unethical or improper, to regulators or other relevant authorities. In the UK these protectionsinclude: the Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998, sections 342 and 343 of the Financial Services and MarketsAct 2000 and section 70 of the Pensions Act 2004.

11. PSoA – The IFA Actuaries’ Code 4. Compliance: members will comply with all relevant legal, regulatory and professionalrequirements, take reasonable steps to ensure they are not placed in a position where theyare unable to comply, and will challenge non-compliance by others. 4.4 Members will promptly report any matter which appears to constitute misconduct or a material breach of any relevant legal, regulatory or professional requirements including Actuarial Profession Standards and Technical Actuarial Standards issued by the Board for Actuarial Standards, for consideration under the relevant disciplinary schemes. To the extent that the consent of a third party is required for this purpose in order to disclose information, members must take all reasonable steps to obtain such consent.

12. PSoA – The IFA Actuaries’ Code 5. Open communication: members will communicate effectively and meet all applicable reporting standards. 5.1 Members will ensure that their communication, whether written or oral, is clear (indicating how any further explanation can be obtained) and timely, and that their method of communication is appropriate, having regard to: a) the intended audience; b) the purpose of the communication; c) the significance of the communication to its intended audience; and d) the capacity in which the member is acting. 5.2 Members will take such steps as are sufficient and available to them to ensure that any communicationwith which they are associated is accurate and not misleading, and contains sufficient information to enable its subject matter to be put in proper context.

13. PSoA – Conflicts of Interest Conflict of Interest – Example & Analysis In the December 2012 issue of The Actuary magazine there is an article on the rising awareness of conflicts of interest. The IFA has recently published new conflicts of interest guidance for all members. Along with the Actuaries’ Code, this guidance is intended to help actuaries manage conflicts which may arise. Ref: http://www.actuaries.org.uk/regulation/pages/conflicts_of_interest Two examples have been given in the article. I will go over one of them.

14. PSoA – Conflicts of Interest Imagine this: Antony engaged you to advise on a pensions mis-selling claim and to liaise with Cleopatra Insurers Ltd to obtain compensation. You ran a very busy practice at the time and did not have time to undertake proper conflict checks within your firm before accepting the engagement. When the time came for you to claim compensation, you discovered that Marcus, another actuary in your firm, had previously advised Cleopatra Insurers Ltd on their approach to determining mis-selling compensation.

15. PSoA – Conflicts of Interest Using the conflicts guide, you can analyse a case to: • identify (potential) conflicts correctly: whether arising from your own interests or those of different clients; • assess whether that conflict is such as to prevent you from acting, or is capable of being reconciled, with careful management and planning; and • if capable of being reconciled, identify the steps which require to be put in place in order to manage (potential) conflicts appropriately. These are likely to include the early disclosure of the (potential) conflict to the clients concerned and the agreement of an appropriately worded conflicts management plan.

16. PSoA – Conflicts of Interest In the example given, the analysis would go something as follows: Identify • Client: Antony • Personal interest: No Assess • You had a potential professional conflict before you accepted the appointment – your colleague had previously acted for Cleopatra Insurers Ltd.

17. PSoA – Conflicts of Interest Evaluate • Could you have acted if you had identified the conflict in the first place? ie could this situation have been managed or reconciled? • First, you needed to decide from the outset whether or not you could have acted. Considering principle 3.1 of the Actuaries’ Code, the question arises whether your ability to provide objective advice to your client is, or may reasonably be seen to be, compromised. 3.1 Members will ensure that their ability to provide objective advice to their clients is not, and cannot reasonably be seen to be, compromised.

18. PSoA – Conflicts of Interest Evaluate • You owe duties to your former (including your firm’s former) clients, as well as to your existing clients.You need to consider whether your duty of confidentiality to your firm’s former client, Cleopatra Insurers, would give rise to a conflict of interest if you were to act for Antony, recognising your obligation to your current client to disclose information which is relevant to the matter in which you are now engaged.The difficulty would of course become more sharply focused still, were your colleague still to be acting for Cleopatra Insurers in relation to the same matter; the parties have diametrically opposed interests in the same matter (pensions mis-selling).

19. PSoA – Conflicts of Interest Evaluate • Consideration of these issues might then lead you to decide under principle 3.4 of the Code whether, if you had accepted the appointment, you needed to disqualify yourself from acting where you were unable to reconcile the conflict between Antony and Cleopatra Insurers Ltd. 3.4 Members will disqualify themselves from acting where there is a conflict of interest that cannot be reconciled.

20. PSoA – Conflicts of Interest Decision and Management • To the extent that conflicts of interest can be managed, it is much harder to do so after the fact. • While you should probably not have accepted the appointment in the first place, it would have been essential at the very least to agree from the outset an appropriate conflict management plan, including appropriate safeguards - including, in all likelihood, effective information barriers - to avoid your finding yourself in a position in which you owe a duty to disclose to one client information which remains confidential to the other (former) client.You should also however consider very carefully whether, even then, the circumstances are such as to give rise to a possible perception that your ability to provide objective advice to your current client is compromised.Fundamentally, it will be critical to disclose to your client from the outset the nature of your potential conflict.

21. PSoA – Conflicts of Interest What should you have done? • The issue partly arose because you were unaware of the potential conflict between Antony and Cleopatra Insurers Ltd. • This in turn depends upon the use within your firm of appropriate conflict checking procedures. • Once identified, you should have considered your position under principles 3.1 and 3.3 of the Code and then considered whether you needed to decline to act in the matter in accordance with principle 3.4 of the Code. • As a minimum, the potential conflict required to be disclosed to your client, and an appropriate conflict management plan should have been agreed with your client from the outset, including appropriate provision for effective information barriers. 3.3 Members will take reasonable steps to ensure that they are aware of any relevant interest, including income, of their firm.

22. PSoA – Actuarial Seminar 2012 Thank you