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Cell Processes

Learn how the sun supplies energy to living things through photosynthesis, the process of capturing sunlight to make food. Explore respiration and fermentation, two cell processes that release energy from glucose. Discover the connections between these key concepts.

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Cell Processes

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  1. Cell Processes

  2. Key Concepts • Explain how the sun supplies living things with the energy they need. • Describe what happens during the process of photosynthesis. • Describe the events that occur during respiration. • Tell what fermentation is.

  3. Photosynthesis Autotroph Heterotroph Pigment The process by which a cell captures energy in sunlight and uses it to make food. An organism that makes its own food. An organism that cannot make its own food. Colored chemical compounds that absorb light. Key Terms

  4. Chlorophyll Stomata Respiration Fermentation The main photosynthetic pigment in chloroplasts. Small openings in the undersides of leaves where CO2 enters and O2 exits. The process by which cells obtain energy from glucose. An energy-releasing process that does not require oxygen. Key Terms

  5. Introduction • Every living thing needs energy. • All cells need energy to carry out their functions. • Making proteins • Transporting substances into and out of the cell • The sun supplies energy for most living things, directly or indirectly.

  6. Autotroph An organism that makes its own food. Ex. plants, algae, some bacteria Heterotroph An organism that cannot make its own food. Ex. animals, fungi, some bacteria Sources of Energy

  7. Photosynthesis

  8. The process by which a cell captures energy in sunlight and uses it to make food. Photo – light Synthesis – putting together What is Photosynthesis?

  9. Capturing the Sun’s Energy. Using Energy to Make Food. Two Stages of Photosynthesis

  10. In plants, this energy-capturing process occurs mostly in the leaves. Chloroplasts, containing chlorophyll, capture energy from sunlight. Stage 1: Capturing the Sun’s Energy

  11. The cell uses the captured energy to produce sugars. Water and Carbon Dioxide (raw materials) are needed for this stage. The raw materials undergo a complex series of chemical reactions producing sugar and oxygen. Stage 2: Using Energy to Make Food

  12. Animation of Photosynthesis • http://www.growingthenextgeneration.com/agrium-games/Animation/index.htm

  13. The Chemical Equation for Photosynthesis

  14. Simplifying the Equation • Raw Materials – Water & Carbon Dioxide • Catalyst – Light Energy • Products – Carbohydrates (Sugars) & Oxygen

  15. Respiration

  16. The process by which cells obtain energy from glucose. Cells break down simple food molecules such as sugar and release the energy they obtain. What is Respiration?

  17. Breathing and Respiration • Respiration has two meanings. • “Breathing” – moving air in and out of your lungs. • “Cellular Respiration” – respiration process that takes place inside cells. • The connection – “breathing” brings oxygen into the body needed for “cellular respiration” to occur.

  18. Breaking down glucose. Breaking down glucose even more. Two Stages of Respiration

  19. This first stage takes place in the cytoplasm of the organism’s cells. Oxygen is not involved in this part of the process and only a small amount of energy is released. Stage 1: Breaking Down Glucose Molecules

  20. This second stage takes place in the mitochondria of the organism’s cells. Oxygen is required in these chemical reactions and a great deal of energy is released. Stage 2: Making Small Glucose Molecules Smaller

  21. Animation of Respiration • http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/cellularrespiration.html • Click on “The Big Picture”. (You can add subtitles!)

  22. The Chemical Equationfor Respiration

  23. Simplifying the Equation • Raw Materials – Glucose & Oxygen • Catalyst – Stored Energy • Products – Carbon Dioxide, Water & Energy (ATP)

  24. What’s the Connection?

  25. Photosynthesis and Respiration are Opposites

  26. Fermentation

  27. What is Fermentation? • Respiration without oxygen!

  28. Fermentation Defined • An energy-releasing process that does not require oxygen. • Some single-celled organisms live where there is no oxygen, such as deep in the ocean or in the mud of lakes or swamps. • The amount of energy released from each sugar molecule is much lower than the amount released during respiration (with oxygen).

  29. Alcoholic Lactic Acid Types of Fermentation

  30. Yeast and other single-celled organisms break down sugars. This is often called alcoholic fermentation because alcohol is one of the products. Carbon dioxide and a small amount of energy are also products. Alcoholic Fermentation Carbon dioxide in yeast causes bread to rise and causes the bubbles in alcoholic drinks like beer and wine.

  31. Takes place at times in your body. Muscle cells use up oxygen faster than it can be replaced. When cells lack oxygen, fermentation occurs. Lactic acid is a product of fermentation within animal cells. painful sensation in your muscles muscles feel weak and sore Lactic Acid Fermentation

  32. Photosynthesis and Respiration Cell processes that affect the function of the entire organism.

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