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Exam Review

This study guide covers the fundamental concepts of networking, including packet switching, circuit switching, layered network architecture, physical media, data link layer protocols, network layer routing, IP addressing, transport layer protocols, and application layer protocols.

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Exam Review

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  1. Exam Review

  2. Basic Concepts • Packet switching versus circuit switching • Their advantages and disadvantages • Layered network architecture • Various layers of a protocol stack • ISO/OSI model • Advantages of layering, disadvantages?

  3. Physical Layer • Physical media and their characteristics • Twisted pair • Broadband cable • Fiber optics • Wireless • Architectures to reach end-users at home • Cable modems • ADSL • ISDN

  4. Data Link Layer • Services: framing, reliable communication, sharing, addressing • ARQ-based protocols • Stop-and-wait, Go-back-N • Point-to-point protocols • HDLC • Multiple access protocols • Aloha • Slotted aloha • CSMA and its variants (non-persistent, 1-persistent, p-persistent) • Case study: Ethernet

  5. Data Link Layer • Group random access: use a well-defined algorithm to resolve contention (instead of random backoff) • Token passing protocols • Case study: IEEE 802.5 • TDMA • Reservation-based protocols • How do we resolve data link layer addresses? • ARP • How do we interconnect LANS? • Bridges, repeaters and switched ethernet

  6. Network Layer • Services: virtual circuits, datagrams • Routing • Centralized versus distributed, static versus adaptive • Two basic approaches • Link state: centralized, dynamic; use Dijkstra’s shortest path • Distance vector: distributed, dynamic • Broadcast-based routing: reverse path forwarding • Multicast routing • Shared trees versus source-based trees • DVMRP and link state multicast routing • Hierarchical routing: inter-domain and intra-domain routing

  7. Network Layer • Case study: IP • IPv4 • Fragmentation and reassembly issues • Intradomain routing: RIP (distance vector-based), OSPF (link state) • Interdomain rotuing: BGP • Can exchange full path information • policy-based routing • IP Multicast • IGMP: used to join/leave from a multicast group • PIM: used to route and deliver packets • Sparse mode versus dense mode, rendezvous points

  8. Network Layer • ICMP: exchange control information • IPv6: new functionality, compatibility issues • Tunneling • Case study #2: ATM • ATM Network layer • Virtual circuits • Call setup • Switches and routers • Switching fabrics: memory, bus, crossbar

  9. Transport Layer • Multiplexing and demultiplexing to applications • UDP case study • Principles of reliable data transfer • Rdt 3.0: stop-and-wait protocol • Pipelined protocols • Go-back-N • Selective repeat • Flow control • Implicit versus explicit flow control • Flow control in TCP

  10. Transport Layer • Congestion control • End-to-end, network-indicated, rate-based • Case study: TCP • Byte-stream, cumulative acks, go-back-N • TCP ACK generation • Round-trip estimation and setting timeouts • Connection management: three way handshaking • Congestion control: slow start and congestion avoidance phases, AIMD

  11. Application Layer • Presentation services: part of the application layer • ASN.1 • XDR • Interface (API) • The socket abstraction • Client-server programming using sockets • Connectionless versus connection-oriented • Example application layer protocols • Http: http 1.0, persistent http, web caching • DNS: distributed database for resolving IP addresses

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