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The Development of the Muslim Empire and the Schism within Islam

The Development of the Muslim Empire and the Schism within Islam. The First Four Caliphs. Muhammad died in 632 = Elders and leaders within the Islamic community chose the following men to be caliph ( successor of the prophet) Abu Bakr (r. 632-634) Umar (r. 634-644) Uthman (r. 644-656)

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The Development of the Muslim Empire and the Schism within Islam

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  1. The Development of the Muslim Empire and the Schism within Islam

  2. The First Four Caliphs Muhammad died in 632 = Elders and leaders within the Islamic community chose the following men to be caliph (successor of the prophet) • Abu Bakr (r. 632-634) • Umar (r. 634-644) • Uthman (r. 644-656) • Ali (r. 656-661) * All four are from Quraysh tribe

  3. Abu Bakr (r. 632-634) Faced 2 major problems • Loss of loyalty with Muhammad’s death • Appearance of false prophets Despite problems worked to expand empire

  4. Umar (r. 634-644) • Continued to add to the Islamic territory • Administered Islamic State by defining territory between lands where Islam was practiced dar al-Islam and land from which attacks were launched dar al-Harb

  5. Uthman (r. 644-656) The first 6 years of reign = peaceful and prosperous but he came to face problems: • Expansion slows • Wealthy violating the zakat • Accused of nepotism Killed in 656 by a mob

  6. Ali (r. 656-661) • Strong support from many Muslims • Also faced resistance – especially from Syrian Gov. Muawiya (from the Umayyad Clan), Uthman’s cousin • Results in Battle of Siffin

  7. Division of the Umma (Islamic Community) • 2 Caliphs – Muawiya reigns over Syria & Egypt • Aliover Saudi Arabia and other areas • 661 = attempts on both of their lives; Ali is killed, Muawiya not = Begins the reign of the Umayyads from Damascus, Syria

  8. The Umayyads vs. Muhammad’s Family • Muawiya dies in 680 = son Yezid became successor • Opposition from Ali and Fatima’s son Hussain = Battle • Result = schism w/in Islam = Sunnis and Shiites

  9. Sunni “The Way” Shiite “The Party of Ali” • 85-90% of Muslims • Muhammad never • chose successor • Devout Muslims can • rule • Caliph = descendent of Muhammad • Ali was chosen as successor • Hussain is a martyr • Only an imam can interpret the Quran • Iran, Iraq, and Lebanon = largest % • Daily practices are similar • Both share similar understanding of Islamic beliefs: concepts of piety, striving for goodness and social justice • Both live by Five Pillars

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