FROM NATURAL HAZARDS TO DISASTERS AND DISASTER RESILIENCE A 3-Part Story That Can Take 40 Years, or More, to Live

1. FROM NATURAL HAZARDS TO DISASTERS AND DISASTER RESILIENCE A 3-Part Story That Can Take 40 Years, or More, to Live Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA

2. PLANET EARTH IS IMPACTED EVERY YEAR BY DISASTERS CAUSED BY--- EARTHQUAKES TSUNAMIS SEVERE WINDSTORMS VOLCANOES FLOODS WILDFIRES

3. DISASTERS ARE THE CITY’S DEFAULT OPTION (PART II) NATURAL HAZARDS ARE NOT AN OPTION (PART I) AND TO BECOME DISASTER RESILIENT, OR NOT; THAT IS THE QUESTION (PART III)

4. EXPOSURE AND VULNERABILITY HAZARDS DISASTER DISASTER RESILIENCE HAZARDS: NOT AN OPTION FOR CITIES CITY

5. NATURAL HAZARDS • INVENTORY • VULNERABILITY • LOCATION • PREPAREDNESS • PROTECTION • EMERGENCY RESPONSE • RECOVERY RISK ASSESSMENT POLICY OPTIONS ACCEPTABLE RISK RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK DISASTER RISK REDUCTION DATA BASES AND INFORMATION COMMUNITY HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS

6. NOTABLE DISASTERS IN 2011 FLOODS IN AUSTRALIA NEW KNOWLEDGE FOR COMMUNITY DISASTER RISK REDUCTION EARTHQUAKE/TSUNAMI IN JAPAN WILDFIRES IN ARIZONA AND TEXAS CATALYSTS FOR CHANGE HURRICANE IRENE AND TROPIAL STORM LEE FLOODS : AUSTRALIA, THAILANC SUPER TORNADO OUTBREAK VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

7. A DISASTER OCCURS WHEN THE CITY IS … UN—PREPARED UN—PROTECTED UN—ABLE TO RESPOND EFFECTIVELY UN (NON)--RESILIENT

8. ECONOMIC LOSES LOSS OF FUNCTION ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS DEATHS AND INJURIES DISASTERS: THE DEFAULT OPTION FOR CITIES CITY

9. THE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF AN EARTHQUAKE

10. TSUNAMI FAULT RUPTURE DAMAGE/ LOSS SUBSIDENCE DAMAGE/ LOSS DAMAGE/LOSS FOUNDATION FAILURE EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE/ LOSS SOIL AMPLIFICATION DAMAGE/ LOSS LIQUEFACTION DAMAGE/ LOSS LANDSLIDES DAMAGE/ LOSS DAMAGE/LOSS AFTERSHOCKS DAMAGE/ LOSS SEICHE DAMAGE/ LOSS GROUND SHAKING

11. CAUSES OF DAMAGE/DISASTER INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING SOIL AMPLIFICATION PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SOIL FAILURE AND SURFACE FAULTING ) IRREGULARITIES IN MASS, STRENGTH, AND STIFFNESS EARTHQUAKES FLOODING FROM TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP AND SEICHE CASE HISTORIES POOR DETAILING OF STRUCTURALSYSTEM FAILURE OF NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

12. HAITI: DEATH TOLL REACHED AN ESTIMATED 220,OOO+; FEB 2010

13. THE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF A TSUNAMI

14. TSUNAMI HAZARDS (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS) • HIGH-VELOCITY, LONG-PERIOD WATER WAVES • WAVE RUNUP • FLOODING • WAVE RETREAT • SHORELINE EROSION

15. CAUSES OF DAMAGE/DISASTER HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT OF INCOMING WAVES INLAND DISTANCE OF WAVE RUNUP VERTICAL HEIGHT OF WAVE RUNUP INADEQUATE RESISTANCE OF BUILDINGS TSUNAMIS FLOODING CASE HISTORIES NO WARNING, OR INADEQUATE WARNING PROXIMITY TO SOURCE OF TSUNAMI

16. THE DISASTER IN JAPAN THAT BEGAN ON MARCH 11, 2011 HAPPENED WITHIN MINUTES • It only took seconds for the P-and S-waves and minutes for the tsunami waves to reach Sendai and other parts of Japan’s coast..

17. THE M9.0 EARTHQUAKE…. Japan was well prepared to cope with the earthquake, and ---

18. THE M9.0 EARTHQUAKE…. Japan’s buildings and infrastructure were protected through codes and standards, but ….

19. THE TSUNAMI WAS DEVASTATINGThe tsunami that followed the M9.0 earthquake caused enormous damage in Japan within minutes.

20. THE 7-10 M TSUNAM WAVES The tsunami was devastating, inun-dating towns, im-mobilizing airports and roads, destroy-ing buildings, and treating everything (e.g., people, cars) in its path as debris.

21. THE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF A SEVERE WINDSTORM

22. Storm Hazards: • Wind pressure • Surge • Rain • Flood • Waves • Salt water • Missiles • Tornadoes • SEVERE WINDSTORMS • INVENTORY • VULNERABILITY • LOCATION • PREPAREDNESS • PROTECTION • EMERGENCY RESPONSE • RECOVERY • EDUCATIONAL SURGES RISK ASSESSMENT POLICY OPTIONS ACCEPTABLE RISK RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK SEVERE WINDSTORM RISK REDUCTION Wind profile DATA BASES AND INFORMATION Gradient Wind Ocean COMMUNITY

23. HAZARDS OF A SEVERE WINDSTORM (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS) • WIND FIELD (COUNTER CLOCKWISE OR CLOCKWISE DIRECTION; CAT 1 (55 mph) TO CAT 5 (155 mph or greater) • STORM SURGE • HEAVY PRECIPITATION • LANDSLIDES (MUDFLOWS) • COSTAL EROSION • TORNADOES (SOMETIMES)

24. CAUSES OF DAMAGE/DISASTER WIND AND WATER PENETRATE BUILDING ENVELOPE UPLIFT OF ROOF SYSTEM FLYING DEBRIS PENETRATES WINDOWS STORM SURGE AND HEAVY PRECIPITATION SEVERE WINDSTORMS IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN CASE HISTORIES POOR WORKMANSHIP FAILURE OF NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

25. 164 TORNADOS IN 24 HOURS IMPACT 7 SOUTHEASTERN STATESEF4 and EF5 TORNADOES OVERALL DEATH TOLL REACHES 350 WEDNESDAY, APRIL 27- THURSDAY, APRIL 28, 2011

26. TUSCALOOSA, AL: A MILE-WIDE STORM; APRIL 27, 2011

27. TUSCALOOSA, AL: 15TH STREET DAMAGE; APRIL 27, 2011

28. THE DISASTER KEEPT ON BUILDING AFTER IRENE’S EXITRECORD-TO-NEAR-RECORD FLOODING IN NEW ENGLAND AND CANADA HAPPENED AFTER IRENE PASSED THROUGH AUGUST 29 ---31, 2011

29. AUG 27: FORECAST AFTER 7:30 AM LANDFALL IN OUTER BANKS, NC

30. IRENE CAUSED A $20+ BILLION DISASTER

31. Irene smashed power poles, ripped transmission wires and flooded electrical stations over the weekend, blacked out more than 7.4 million homes and businesses from South Carolina to Maine, and killed 44 people in 13 states

32. VERMONT: FLOODING

33. THE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF A VOLCANIC ERUPTION

34. VOLCANO HAZARDS (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS) • VERTICAL PLUME • ASH AND TEPHRA • LATERAL BLAST • PYROCLASTIC FLOWS • LAhARS

35. CAUSES OF DAMAGE/DISASTER PROXIMITY TO LATERAL BLAST IN PATH OF PYROCLASTIC FLOWS IN PATH OF FLYING DEBRIS (TEPHRA) IN PATH OF VOLCANIC ASH (AVIATION) VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS IN PATH OF LAVA AND PYROCLASTIC FLOWS CASE HISTORIES IN PATH OF LAHARS IGNORING WARNING TO EVACUATE

36. MOUNT KARANGETANG ERUPTS IN INDONESIA ERUPTION OCCURS WITHIN HOURS OF JAPAN’S M9.0 QUAKE AND TSUNAMI DISASTER FRIDAY, MARCH 11, 2011

37. MOUNT KARANGETANG ERUPTS The 1,784 m (5,853 ft) volcano, which is one of Indonesia’s 129 active volcan-oes, is located on Siau.

38. THE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF A FLOOD

39. FLOOD HAZARDS (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS) • TOO MUCH WATER DISCHARGED WITHIN THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM TO BE ACCOMMODATED NORMALLY IN THE REGIONAL WATER CYCLE • EROSION • SCOUR • MUDFLOWS

40. CAUSES OF DAMAGE AND DISASTER LOSS OF FUNCTION OF STRUCTURES IN FLOODPLAIN INUNDATION INTERACTION WITH HAZARDOUS MATERIALS STRUCTURAL/CONTENTS DAMAGE FROM WATER FLOODS WATER BORNE DISEASES (HEALTH PROBLEMS) CASE HISTORIES EROSION AND MUDFLOWS CONTAMINATION OF GROUND WATER

41. ROCKHAMPTON, AUSTRSLIA BECAME AN ISLAND:JANUARY 3, 2011

42. BANGKOK: OVER 370 DEAD AND LOSSES IN EXCESS OF $6 BILLION FROM PROLONGED FLOODING NOVEMBER 2011

43. SANDBAGGING: CHAO PRAYA RIVER

44. DON MUANG AIRPORT: A SHELTER FOR EVACUEES

45. THE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF A WILDFIRE

46. WILDFIRE HAZARDS (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS) • FIRE • HOT GASES AND SMOKE • HOT SPOTS • BURNED OUT SLOPES (with increased susceptibility to insect infestation, erosion, and landslides)

47. WILDFIRE HAZARDS (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS) • SUNDOWNER WINDS • SANTA ANNA WINDS • LOCAL CHANGES IN AIR QUALITY • LOCAL CHANGES IN WEATHER

48. CAUSES OF DAMAGE AND DISASTER LIGHTNING STRIKES MANMADE FIRES PROXIMITY OF URBAN AREA TO THE WILDLAND FIRE WIND SPEED AND DIRECTION (DAY/NIGHT) WILDFIRES DRYNESS DISASTER LABORATORIES HIGH TEMPERATURES LOCAL FUEL SUPPLY

49. SMITHVILLE, TX FIRE

50. Since the beginning of the 2011 wildfire season, Texas has dealt with over 20,900 fires that have destroyed more than 1,000 homes and burned 3.6 million acres (1.46 million hectares).