In the name of God

1. In the name of God

2. Medical Care hemangioma and complications Dr.F.Iraji

3. Medical Care • The vast majority of infantile hemangiomas do not require any medical or surgical intervention.[9] Medical care of clinically significant hemangiomas has been limited to a few medications, including glucocorticosteroids (topical, intralesional, and oral), interferon alfa, and, rarely, vincristine and topical imiquimod.[46] Beta-blockers, most specifically propranolol,[47] have serendipitously been shown to induce involution of infantile hemangiomas.[48, 49, 50, 51]

4. Medical Care • The vast majority of infantile hemangiomas do not require any medical or surgical intervention.Medical care of clinically significant hemangiomas has been limited to a few medications, including glucocorticosteroids (topical, intralesional, and oral), interferon alfa, and, rarely, vincristine and topical imiquimod.Beta-blockers, most specifically propranolol,have been shown to induce involution of infantile hemangiomas

5. Medical Care • An expert panel has developed provisional recommendations for the use of propranolol, including in patients with PHACE syndrome (posterior fossa abnormalities, hemangioma, arterial lesions, cardiac abnormalities/aortic coarctation, and eye abnormalities).PHACE syndrome is associated with a higher risk of neurologic and cognitive impairment.

6. Medical Care • When to treat complicated infantile hemangiomas • Contraindications and pretreatment evaluation protocols • Formulation, target dose, and frequency of dosing • Initiation in infants • Cardiovascular monitoring • Ongoing monitoring • Prevention of hypoglycemia

7. Medication Summary • The goals of pharmacotherapy for infantile hemangiomas are to reduce morbidity and mortality and to prevent complications. Note that only propranolol oral solution (Hemangeol) is approved for treatment of infantile hemangiomas by the FDA.

8. corticosteroids • Oral and intralesional corticosteroids are effective at slowing the growth and decreasing the size of proliferating infantile hemangiomas. corticosteroids have been shown to inhibit VEGF-A expression and subsequent proliferation in hemangioma stem cells in a murine hemangiomamodel.Evidence indicates that corticosteroids block estradiol receptors in hemangiomas in vitro.

9. corticosteroids • Response vary widely, from less than 40% to greater than 90%, depending on dose, duration of treatment, and age at which corticosteroid therapy is initiated

10. corticosteroids • Corticosteroid therapy should be administered during the proliferative phase because it has a negligible effect on involuting and otherwise stable infantile hemangiomas. The oral route generally is preferred over intralesional therapy; however, the location, size, patient age, and physician experience factor into the decision-making process.

11. corticosteroids • Prednisolone decreases inflammation by suppressing the migration of polymorphonuclearleukocytes and reducing capillary permeability

12. Propranolol • Propranolol oral solution (Hemangeol) was approved by the FDA in March 2014. Approval was based on the results from a dose-ranging study of 460 infants aged 35 days to 5 months with proliferating hemangiomas.

13. Propranolol • Beta-blockers, most specifically propranolol and more recently topical timolol,have been in use since mid 2008 for infants with severe or disfiguring hemangiomas.

14. Propranolol • Several reports in the literature describe efficacy for life- and sight-threatening airway and retro-orbital hemangiomas, respectively.Some have been treated with the beta-1 selective blocker, acebutolol. However, most infants reported have been treated with the nonselective blocker, propranolol, at a dose of 2-3mg/kg/d in 2-3 divided doses. Duration of therapy varies from 2-10 months.

15. Propranolol • As early as 24 hours after the initiation of therapy, many infantile hemangiomas have begun to change from intense red to purple, with evidence of softening. Most continue to improve until nearly flat and with significantly diminished color.

16. Propranolol • A retrospective study of 39 children in France with infantile hemangiomas of the head and neck concluded that propranolol treatment effectively lightened and reduced hemangiomas, especially as first-line treatment started during proliferative growth (mean age, 4.1 m; mean duration, 8.5 m).

17. Propranolol • some hypothesize that local vasoconstriction may be a factor, which is based on the early color change and softening of the lesion. One study has demonstrated that nonspecific and beta2-selective blockers (eg, propranolol) triggered apoptosis of capillary endothelial cells in adult rat lung tissue, suggesting a similar mechanism may be plausible for hemangioma endothelial cells.

18. Propranolol • No protocol for initiating propranolol therapy in infants with hemangiomas is universally accepted.Therapy should be approached with extreme caution in neonates and infants who generally do not have preexisting venous hypertension or any other hemodynamic disorder. Of particular note, infants with hemangiomas associated with PHACE syndrome with cerebrovascular anomalies are at higher risk for cerebral vascular accidents and therefore should not receive beta-blockers.

19. Provisional guidelines for initiation • Exclude infants with evidence of the following: • Bronchospasm • - Cardiac disease • - CNS vascular anomalies (suspected PHACE syndrome, large cervicofacialhemangiomas

20. Provisional guidelines for initiation • Baseline laboratory tests and evaluation: • - Blood glucose level • - Blood pressure check • - Electrocardiography (variable) • - Echocardiogram (if considering PHACE syndrome or other clinical indications) • - Pediatric cardiology consultation for evaluation and dosing recommendations (if any concerning findings)

21. Monitoring Monitor for 24-72 hours; • Monitoring 1 hour after administration (dosing) includes the following: • - Blood pressure check • - Heart rate check (hold dose for heart rate at < 100 beats per min)

22. Monitoring • - Blood glucose level (due to potential blocking of liver glycogen phosphorylase): Recommended that young infants feed every 3-4 hours to decrease risk of hypoglycemia. • - Temperature determination to evaluate for hypothermia

23. Observation for bronchospasm • At home, parents should observe for signs of lethargy, poor feeding, and/or bronchospasm. • Blood pressure and heart rate should be evaluated intermittently at the pediatrician's office.

24. Discontinuation • Consider gradual taper over 2 weeks, rather than abrupt discontinuation. Cardiac hypersensitivity may occur 24-48 hours after propranolol is discontinued.

25. The mechanism • Propranolol is a nonselective beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent possessing no other autonomic nervous system activity. It is indicated for treatment of proliferating hemangioma requiring systemic therapy. Available as an oral solution (4.28 mg/mL).

26. interferon alfa-2a • interferon alfa-2a was found to induce regression of Kaposi sarcoma. This led to its use in treating other vascular lesions (eg, hemangiomas). Interferon alfainhibits endothelial cell migration and proliferation and specific growth factors (eg, endothelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor). Numerous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of interferon alfa-2a and interferon alfa-2b in treating infantile hemangiomas.

27. interferon alfa-2a • Because interferon alfa-2a works by a different mechanism, it can be used in lesions that are unresponsive to steroids.In fact, unlike steroids, it does not require that administration occur during the proliferation phase to be effective.

28. interferon alfa-2a • The onset of action is slower than that of corticosteroids, usually requiring several weeks; this makes it less attractive for use in acute life- or sight-threatening situations. Interferon alfa-2a should be used only if steroid, beta-blocker, and other potentially toxic therapies fail.

29. significant adverse • The most significant adverse event limiting its use in hemangiomas is potentially irreversible spastic diplegia; while most infants have displayed significant recovery of spasticity of lower extremities, it appeared permanent in other infants.A meta-analysis of interferon use in children revealed all cases of neurological dysfunction occurred when interferon was used prior to the patient’s first birthday

30. Interferon alfa-2a (Roferon-A) • Interferon alfa-2a is a protein product manufactured by recombinant DNA technology. Its mechanism of antitumor activity is not clearly understood; however, direct antiproliferative effects against malignant cells and modulation of host immune response may play important roles. Interferon alfa-2a may be given topically, systemically, and intralesionally.

31. Interferon alfa-2b • Interferon alfa-2b is a protein product manufactured by recombinant DNA technology. Indications are adult hairy cell leukemia, malignant melanoma, condylomaacuminata, AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma, and certain forms of chronic viral hepatitis. Interferon alfa-2b has also used to treat children with these conditions and, most recently, infants with life-threatening hemangiomas

32. Imiquimod cream It purportedly works by stimulation of toll-like receptor 7 (TLR-7) and increases local interferon alpha and gamma, through which it may exert antiangiogenic effects

33. Imiquimod cream • In a mouse model, imiquimod-treated vascular tumors showed decreased tumor cell proliferation, increased tumor apoptosis, and increased expression of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1, with decreased activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9, both of which are observed in the natural involution of infantile hemangiomas.

34. Imiquimod (Aldara cream) • Imiquimodis an immune response modifier indicated condylomaacuminata, actinic keratoses, and superficial basal cell carcinoma in adults. It is not approved by FDA for use in children.

35. Becaplermin 0.01% gel (Regranex Gel) • A few reports in the literature (Metz, 2004) suggest this is helpful for ulcerated infantile hemangiomas, especially those in the diaper area. Data are limited and no placebo-controlled trial have been published to date. Seven infants with refractory ulcerated infantile hemangiomas experienced healing 3-21 days after initiating therapy.

36. Management :Venous Malformation • demonstrated significant patient satisfaction with sclero-therapy with tetradecyl sulfate (Sotrdecol) combined with conservative ablation. • It is important to know that in most cases sclerosant therapy is purely an adjunct to proper surgical ablation.

37. Management :Arterial or A-V Malformation • High flow lesions can have turbulent blood flow, introducing the risk of consumption coagulopathies. Therefore proper pre-operative hematological studies have to be carried out. • Pre-ablation selective arterial embolization has improved the surgical success rates for arterial and A-V Malformations, especially the intra-osseous ones.

38. Management :Arterial or AV Malformation • The goal of embolization is to decrease flowin the malformation while avoiding disruption of flow through proximal feeders. • Any surgical intervention should follow within 24 to 48 hours of embolization, and never later than 10 days. It is believed that collateral flow to the malformation develops soon after embolization and that delaying surgery increases the possibility of intra-operative bleeding and postoperative recurrence. • The goal of surgery should be total excision of the malformation.

39. Complications • Ulceration • Ulceration occurs in 10-15% of infantile hemangiomas, especially combined superficial and deep lesions. The cause of ulceration is not clear but may be a result of outstripped blood supply to the overlying skin or secondary to the action of certain cytokines. • Ulceration usually occurs in tense, rapidly proliferating hemangiomas and occurs more commonly in the anogenital region, lip, and chest, although any site may develop an ulcer..

40. Ulceration • The ulcerations are extremely painful and result in scar formation upon healing, which may take months. A white discoloration seen early in the course (usually within the first 3 months of life), mimicking that seen in early involution, may herald an impending ulceration, particularly in segmental infantile hemangiomas

41. Secondary infection • Secondary infection can occur, but cellulitis, abscess, and bacteremia are rare. • While intermittent bleeding is common, serious hemorrhage appears to be rare. Life-threatening arterial hemorrhage has been reported in at least 7 infants, mostly complicating segmental hemangiomas of the head and neck. Closer observation and imaging studies to assess underlying vasculature may be helpful in very high-risk cases.

42. Treatment for ulcerated • Treatment for ulcerated hemangiomas includes topical or oral antibiotics, bio-occlusive dressings (especially hydrocolloid dressings), pulsed-dye laser surgery,becaplermin gel (human recombinant platelet-derived growth factor),and external compression therapy (especially helpful for limb lesions).

43. Treatment for ulcerated • Pulsed-dye laser surgery has been reported to be effective for ulcerated superficial hemangiomas and often decreases pain, even before the ulcer has reepithelialized.Medical therapy to hasten hemangioma involution with glucocorticosteroids or beta-blockers can also be helpful for recalcitrant ulcers.

44. Airway obstruction • Airway obstruction is a rare complication of hemangiomas; upper lip lesions very seldom obstruct both nasal passages. This can be a problem for young infants who are obligate nose breathers.

45. Airway obstruction • Cervical parapharyngeal or palatal hemangiomas can cause acute or subacute obstruction. • Insidious signs and symptoms, such as sleep apnea, corpulmonale, or even failure to thrive, can be associated with hemangiomas in the upper aerodigestive tract.

46. Airway obstruction • Laryngeal (often referred to as subglottic) hemangiomas present early (6-8 wk) with symptoms of inspiratory or biphasic stridor, especially with feeding or crying. Cough, cyanosis, or hoarseness may be associated findings.

47. Airway obstruction • The diagnosis is confirmed by direct laryngoscopy, MRI, soft tissue anteroposterior neck radiographs, or esophagography. • Prompt consultation with a pediatric otolaryngologist should be sought for all suspected cases.

48. Treatment • includes systemic corticosteroids or interferon alfa, as well as excisional or laser surgery. Tracheostomy is sometimes necessary until the hemangioma involutes.

49. Airway obstruction • Upper airway hemangiomas appear to be associated more commonly with superficial cutaneous hemangiomas involving the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve (beard area hemangiomas).They can occur without cutaneous involvement.

50. Visual obstruction • Visual obstruction should be considered whenever a hemangioma involves the eyelids or periorbital tissues. • Hemangiomas can lead to visual deprivation amblyopia by 3 separate mechanisms: physical obstruction of the visual axis, astigmatism from direct pressure on the anterior segment from eyelid involvement (upper eyelid is more common than lower eyelid), and unilateral myopia.