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Disease and Disease-Producing Organisms

Disease and Disease-Producing Organisms. Chapter 5. Objectives Define disease and list seven categories of disease List 7 predisposing causes of disease Define terminology used in describing and treating disease Define complementary and alternative medicine and give examples

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Disease and Disease-Producing Organisms

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  1. Disease and Disease-Producing Organisms Chapter 5

  2. Objectives • Define disease and list seven categories of disease • List 7 predisposing causes of disease • Define terminology used in describing and treating disease • Define complementary and alternative medicineand give examples • Explain methods by which microorganisms can be transmitted • List 4 types of organisms studied in microbiology and give characteristics • List some diseases caused by each type • Define normal flora and explain the value • Describe the 3 types of bacteria by shape • List several diseases in humans caused by worms • Give some reasons for the emergence and spread of microorganisms • Describe several public health measures • Differentiate between sterilization, disinfection and antisepsis • Describe techniques included as part of body substance precautions • List some antimicrobial agents and how they work • Describe several methods used to identify microorganisms in the lab

  3. What is disease? - It is an illness, an abnormal state in which part or all of the body does not function properly • CATEGORIES - Infection - Degenerative - Nutritional - Metabolic - Immune - Neoplasms - Psychiatric

  4. Predisposing Causes of Disease REMEMBER : A predisposing cause may not actually cause the disease, but increases the probability of a person becoming ill. Age Gender Heredity Living conditions and habits Emotional disturbance Physical and Chemical damage Preexisting Illness

  5. The Study of Disease

  6. Definitions Pathophysiology Etiology Acute Chronic Subacute Idiopathic Iatrogenic Epidemiology Incidence Prevalence Mortality Epidemic Endemic Pandemic

  7. Treatment and Prevention of Disease • Diagnosis – determination of the nature of the illness • Need to know symptom, sign, syndrome, prognosis, therapy and prevention • CAM is defined as methods of disease prevention and treatment used along with traditional medicine (Examples include: chiropractic, acupuncture, biofeedback)

  8. Infectious Disease Parasite – organism that lives on or within a host at host’s expense Microorganisms are the predominant cause of disease in the human body.

  9. Pathogens Pathogens are disease causing organism and infection is an invasion of pathogens that have adverse effects (An infection can be local or systemic.) Opportunistic infection Communicable infection

  10. Modes of Transmission Disease can be spread directly or indirectly. Portals of entry : skin, respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems

  11. Microbiology The study of microorganisms *** Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Protozoa

  12. Bacteria Single-cell organism whose genetic material is not enclosed in a membrane. (No true nucleus) • Can grow with or without oxygen • Resistant forms are called endospores • Flagella • Pili

  13. Bacteria cont. Shape and Arrangement : Cocci, Bacilli, Curved rods Others : Rickettsia and Chlamydia Diseases caused by bacteria : Pneumonia, Tuberculosis, Syphilis, Lyme disease, Typhus

  14. Viruses Obligate parasite that can only reproduce in living cells. Contain genetic material. • Not susceptible to antibiotics. • Classified according to the type of nucleic acid they contain (DNA or RNA) and the type of disease they cause. • Named according to where they were isolated, the symptoms they cause, the host, or the vector that carries them.

  15. Viruses cont. Prions and Viroids Much smaller than bacteria Diseases caused by viruses : Measles, Influenza, Chickenpox, Common Cold

  16. Fungi Simple plant-like organism. • 2 types : Yeasts and Molds • Yeast – single cell • Mold – filamentous • Diseases caused by fungi : Ringworm, Thrush, Pneumonia

  17. Protozoa Single-cell, animal-like microbes • Amebas • Ciliates • Flagellates • Sporozoa • What you will see: Giardia (Flagellate)

  18. Parasitic Worms They are parasites with human hosts • Roundworms (ascaris,pinworms, hookworms) • Flatworms (tapeworms, flukes) • Infection by worms is called infestation.

  19. Microbial Control Infectious disease increasing due to various factors. • Increased population & travel, disruption of animal habitats, changes in food handling • Microbes and Public Health : sewage and garbage, water purification, prevention of food contamination, milk pasteurization • Aseptic Methods : sterilization, disinfection, antisepsis

  20. Infection Control HANDWASHING. HANDWASHING. HANDWASHING……. Universal techniques, sharps safety, specific “precautions” OSHA Antimicrobial Agents : antibiotics, antiviral, antifungal, antiparasitic

  21. ANTIBIOTICS/MRSA Antibiotic is used to kill bacteria. Derived from fungi and soil bacteria. Usage can be harmful Antibiotic-resistance

  22. Lab Identification of Pathogens Blood, Spinal Fluid, Feces, Urine, and Sputum most frequently studied. • Bacterial Isolations and Tests • Staining Techniques • Other techniques

  23. Freebie… What will you see clinically : - Know antibiotics - MRSA - Infection Control

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