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Week 10

Week 10. CPU/Motherboard/Memory/Buses/Slots/Ports. We have a lot to cover!. We will not go into great detail Basics of operation of CPU, Motherboard, Buses Survey of Slots and Ports Enough to tie our picture together. The Processor. The heart of the computer is the processor

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Week 10

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  1. Week 10 CPU/Motherboard/Memory/Buses/Slots/Ports

  2. We have a lot to cover! • We will not go into great detail • Basics of operation of CPU, Motherboard, Buses • Survey of Slots and Ports • Enough to tie our picture together

  3. The Processor • The heart of the computer is the processor • CPU, for Central Processing Unit • Very complicated beasts! • We will summarize its function

  4. The CPU • Performs all instructions in programs • Processes information • Does all math, comparison, etc. • Info goes in, info comes out! • The ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit) performs these tasks • Controls other devices in the system • Includes a small amount of built-in memory • To store the data it is currently using • ‘Registers’ and ‘Cache’

  5. In the System Storage Processor (CPU) Input Output

  6. CPUs: Different packages

  7. CPUs: Things to notice • See all of the pins sticking out? • These are the wires that connect it to the outside world • Wires means information in and out

  8. How a CPU plugs into the computer • Plugs into the ‘Motherboard’ • The pins all plug into a socket • What is a motherboard?

  9. Motherboards • We’ve talked about how all information in a computer passes over ‘wires’ • Electrical current! • There are lots of components to connect! • If we just used WIRES, it would look like spaghetti!

  10. Motherboard • Rather than dealing with spaghetti, a system has been developed where one component contains ALL of the wiring • Well, almost all… • The wiring is all done with printed circuits • No wires dangling! • Every other component plugs into this component, to be connected to the others

  11. Motherboard • This component is the Motherboard (or Mainboard) • Motherboard provides wiring to connect components • All components plug into motherboard • Motherboard also controls things like timing • Don’t worry too much about this

  12. Motherboard

  13. Memory • We know that the computer needs Memory • Stores the programs and data currently in use • RAM: Random Access Memory

  14. RAM • RAM comes in chips called DIMMS (now) • RAM works very simply… • Every bit is represented by a CAPACITOR • A capacitor can store an electrical charge (sort of like a battery…) • Store a bit: Store the electrical charge (on or off) • Read a bit: Test to see if there is a charge or not • Don’t worry about any more detail than that!

  15. RAM comes in many sizes, speeds • RAM keeps evolving, to become bigger and faster • Typical modules today are 128M, 256M, 512M • There is a list of terms on page 107 • Latest types • DDR- Like SDRAM, but faster • Rambus- Faster still, but expensive!

  16. What RAM looks like • Long, thin chips • Inserted in motherboard in rows

  17. How RAM connect to motherboard • Notice the markings on the board?

  18. Buses • We pause for a moment, and talk about the wiring itself • We know that: • Information is transferred over wires • Much of the wiring is provided by the motherboard

  19. Buses • Indeed, the wiring on the motherboard transfers information • Important channels (‘highways’) of information are called BUSES • Like a highway, multiple devices all share the same bus • There may be 10 devices on the bus, but any two of them can use the bus to communicate

  20. Buses: Multiple devices sharing the same lines

  21. Buses • However, we know that to transmit USEFUL information, we need more than 1 bit!

  22. Buses: Multiple Bits • It is possible to send multiple bits over a single wire • Send them one at a time! • In SERIAL

  23. Buses: Multiple Bits • However, it is faster if we can send multiple bits at the same time • In PARALLEL

  24. Buses: Multiple Bits • So parallel is faster • But, how do we send multiple bits at the same time? • MULTIPLE WIRES!

  25. Buses: Multiple Bits • So: • Information needs to be passed as quickly as possible on the motherboard’s buses • Parallel is faster than serial • Multiple wires are needed for parallel • Therefore, BUSES ARE MADE UP OF MULTIPLE WIRES

  26. Buses: Multiple, Parallel Wires • If you look at the motherboard, you can see the buses • They are the groups of lines that run in parallel

  27. Buses • Data is passed around on the motherboard using buses • Components plug into the motherboard to connect to other devices • Therefore, components connect to the buses! • As we learn about other connectors, you will be able to see that they all connect to a bus!

  28. Slots/Ports/Etc.: Familiarity Required • There is a great deal of information on various expansion cards, ports, etc. • You are not expected to memorize it all! • Read over for familiarity • What you will be expected to know: • Only for types mentioned in the presentation • Name (acronym, not the full name) • The degree to which it is used today • What types of devices typically use the interface • How fast it is (relative to other ports which can be used for the same type of device)

  29. Expansion Slots and Ports • We know that we can connect lots of different devices to our computer • These items must connect to the motherboard somehow • There are two primary methods: Expansion Slots, and Ports

  30. Expansion Slots • Devices may be either INTERNAL (inside the ‘box’) or EXTERNAL • Sometimes, we have a choice • E.g., Modems • Expansion slots are often used for INTERNAL devices

  31. Expansion Slots • In earlier readings (p. 14), you learned about circuit boards • Virtually all electronic devices use circuit boards • With an external device, you need to package up that circuit board, build a way for it to connect to the computer, etc. • Expensive!

  32. Expansion Slots • With internal devices, we can avoid all of this expense! • Just provide a circuit board, with no additional packaging • This is called an EXPANSION BOARD • Plugs directly into the motherboard

  33. An Example

  34. An Example

  35. Things to notice… • They are normal circuit boards • Lots of components! • They each have a set of ‘pins’ which plugs into the slot • These pins are the wires that connect it to the motherboard • Why so many pins? • They connect to a BUS on the motherboard • Lots of lines for information • Other wires for controlling the board, etc.

  36. Expansion Slots/Buses • If you look on the motherboard, you will see that there are ‘bus’ wires running to each of the expansion slots • Plugging a board in connects it to a bus • The board can now communicate with the motherboard, and other components!

  37. Expansion Boards/Slots • An expansion board plugs into an expansion slot • This is an example of an INTERFACE! • What do we know about interfaces? • They have to match EXACTLY • For this reason, they are often standardized

  38. Expansion Slot Standards • Expansion slots are standardized • To ensure that any manufacturer’s board will work with anyone else’s motherboard • There are a handful of standard interfaces that you need to know about

  39. ISA Slots

  40. ISA Slots… • Are an older technology • (Supports 16 data bits) • May not exist on newer PCs • Slower than current technologies • Used for general internal peripherals • Modems, sound cards, network boards, etc., etc.

  41. PCI Slots

  42. PCI Slots

  43. PCI Bus/Slots • New technology • (32 data bits) • Primary general-purpose slot for modern PCs • Use for modems, sound cards, network boards, (sometimes) video, etc. • Much faster than ISA • That’s why it replaced ISA!

  44. AGP Slot

  45. AGP Slot • AGP stands for Accelerated Graphics Port • Only used for VIDEO cards • Most common graphics interface today • Normally, you only have 1 AGP slot on your motherboard • Very, very fast • Much faster than PCI • Needs to be fast, to support games!

  46. Slots on a Motherboard

  47. Slots on another Motherboard

  48. How do you tell the difference? • You get to know them… • Color can provide you a clue • PCI are normally white • ISA are black • There is only one AGP… • You normally know what type of card you have • It will only fit one type of slot • You can then tell what type of slot it is!

  49. How can you tell what a board does? • Usually, you can tell by the jacks (ports) on the back of the board • Headphone-type jacks-> sound card • Telephone jack-> modem • Network jack->network card • Monitor(VGA) port->video card

  50. Ports • We’ve discussed the role of expansion slots • Internal devices • However, sometimes devices are external • Why, if it’s more expensive? • Convenience – portability, etc. • Physical requirement – can you imaging using an internal printer, or joystick?

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