Chapter 3: Migration

1. Chapter 3: Migration Key Issue 1: Why do people migrate?

2. Geographers document from Where people migrate and to where they migrate. • Also study reasons why people migrate. • Most people migrate in search of three objectives: • Economic Opportunity • Cultural Freedom • Environmental Comfort Why Do People Migrate

3. Reasons for Migrating • Migration – type of relocation diffusion. • Emigration – from a location. • Immigration – to a location. • Difference is net migration. • Push & Pull Factors – people decide to move based on these factors. • Most people migrate for economic reasons.

4. Economic Push and Pull Factors Karrie wants you to do the “Push Factor!” • Push Factor – induces people to move out of their present location. • Pull Factor – induces people to move into a new location. • Relative attractiveness of a region can shift with economic change.

5. Cultural Push and Pull Factors • Forced International Migration – slavery and political instability. • 20th century – political instability resulting from cultural diversity. • refugees – people who have been forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution.

6. Refugees: Sources and Destinations

7. Environmental Push & Pull Factors • Physically attractive regions. • Mountains, seasides, warm climates. • Pushed from homes by adverse physical conditions. • water – poses the most common environmental threat.

8. Intervening Obstacles • In the past, primarily environmental. • Today’s migrant – local diversity in government and politics.

9. Migration • Ravenstein’s theories – most migrants relocate a short distance and remain within the same country. • Long-distance migrants to other countries head for major center of economic activity. • International Migration – permanent movement from one country to another. • Internal Migration – permanent movement within the same country.

10. Migration • Interregional migration – movement from one region of a country to another. • Intraregional migration – movement within one region.

11. International Migration • Further divided into two types: forced and voluntary . • Zelinsky identified a migration transition, consists of changes in a society comparable to those in the demographic transition. • Stage 1: Unlikely to migrate permanently; has high daily or seasonal mobility in search of food (high birth and death rates and low NIR). • Stage 2: International and interregional migration from one country’s rural areas to its cities (NIR rises rapidly as a result of sharp decline in the CDR). • Stage 3 and 4: Destination of the international migrants leaving the Stage 2 countries in search of economic opportunities (CBR declines). • Internal migration within countries in Stages 3-4 of the DTM is intraregional, from cities to surrounding suburbs.

12. Characteristics of Migrants • Most long distance migrants are male. • Adult individuals rather than families with children. • Women now constitute about 55% of US immigration. • Ravenstein believed most long-distance migrants were young adults seeking work. • Mexico: • In the late 1980s males were about 85% of Mexican migrants to the US without proper documentation • Since 1990s women have accounted for about 50% of the undocumented immigrants coming from Mexico