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Industrialization 1865-1900

Industrialization 1865-1900. Chapter 25: Industry Comes of Age Railroads P. 536-545. DVDs. Modern Marvels Railroads That Tamed the West The Presidents Disc 2 Garfield to Harrison. Forgettable Presidents 1881-1897. James A. Garfield (R)1881 Chester A. Arthur (R) 1881-1885

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Industrialization 1865-1900

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  1. Industrialization 1865-1900 Chapter 25: Industry Comes of Age RailroadsP. 536-545

  2. DVDs • Modern Marvels • Railroads That Tamed the West • The Presidents • Disc 2 • Garfield to Harrison

  3. Forgettable Presidents 1881-1897 • James A. Garfield (R)1881 • Chester A. Arthur (R) 1881-1885 • Grover Cleveland (D) 1885-1889 1893-1897 • Benjamin Harrison (R)1889-1893

  4. Election of 1880 • James Garfield (R) • Dark horse candidate from electorally powerful Ohio • Civil War major general • Protective tariff • Reform civil service • Winfield Hancock (D) • Civil War general • Tariff for revenue only • Reform civil service

  5. James A. Garfield 1881 • Republican from Ohio • Served in House of Representatives • Called for civil service reform • Merit as basis for promotion • Took on • Senator Roscoe Conkling and the • New York political machine • Appointed a rival to head up the New York Customs House • Assassinated in 1881

  6. Assassination of Garfield 1881 • Shot by Charles Guiteau • Deranged office seeker • Died September 19, 1881 • Succeeded by vice-president • Chester Arthur

  7. Chester A. Arthur1881-1885 • Republican from New York • Competent • Renovated the Executive Mansion • Tiffany • Reformer • Pendleton Act 1883 • First civil service reform legislation • Upgraded and modernized the U.S. Navy

  8. Grover Cleveland1885-18891893-1897 • Democrat from New York • Honest politician • Bachelor when elected; married in office • Used veto more than anyone till FD Roosevelt • Twice as much as all predecessors combined • Vetoed pensions for Civil War vets; cost him reelection • 1892 campaigned on lowering the tariff • Panic 1893 worst in history • Tens of thousands out of work • Did not think it was government’s responsibility to create and/or encourage jobs or provide help of any kind • Couldn’t deal with the changes in society

  9. Benjamin Harrison1889-1893 • Republican from Indiana • Centennial president • Grandson of William Henry Harrison • Very formal, glacial personality • Alienated Republican leaders • Signed the first pension legislation in history • First billion dollar Congress • Put electricity in the White House • 1890 McKinley Tariff meant • Highest in history • American industry gained monopoly over business • Consumer prices skyrocketed/no foreign competition

  10. Gilded Age 1869-1889 • Mark Twain’s name for post Civil War period • Great industrial and financial growth • Railroads • Steel • Oil • Banking • Trust movement

  11. Railroads • 1865—35,000 miles • Most east of Mississippi • 1900—192,556 miles • Much west of Mississippi • Greater than all of Europe combined • Trans-continental railroad building • Risky and Costly • Military and postal needs persuade Congress to extend loans “Wedding of the rails” May 10, 1869 Ogden, Utah

  12. Pacific Railroad Act 1862 • First trans-continental railroad • Began in 1865 • For each mile of track built • Railroad was granted 20 square miles of land • Alternating in 640 acre lots on either side of the track • Federal loans to railroads • $16,000/mile on prairie • $48,000/mile in mountainous country Promoting Union Pacific Railroad 1869

  13. Federal Land Grants to Railroads 1871

  14. First Trans-continental RailroadA Race 1865-1869 Union Pacific Railroad Central Pacific Railroad • East from Sacramento through Sierra Nevada • Built by 10,000 Chinese • 689 miles • West from Omaha, Nebraska to California • Built by Irish immigrants • 1,086 miles

  15. Promontory Point, Utah May 10,1869 • Ogden, Utah Golden spike driven in by Leland Stanford • Magnificent engineering feat Welded West coast to the Union • Encouraged trade with Asia Paved the way for growth of the Great West

  16. Central Pacific: Sierra Nevada Mountains 1869

  17. Railroads Bind the Country • Northern Pacific 1883 • Lake Superior to Puget Sound • Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe 1884 • Southwest deserts to California • Southern Pacific 1884 • New Orleans to San Francisco • Great Northern 1893 • Duluth, MN to Seattle • James J. Hill • Greatest railroad builder of all

  18. 1883

  19. 1884

  20. 1884

  21. 1893

  22. Eastern Railroads • New York Central Railroad 1853 • Pennsylvania Railroad 1854 • The Pennsy • Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 1827 • B&O

  23. New York Central 1853 Grand Central Depot 1894 Remodeled between 1898 and 1900 Grand Central Station • Cornelius Vanderbilt • Made millions in steamboats • Incorporated New York Central 1853 • Offered superior service at lower rates • Popularized steel rails • Safer and able to bear heavier loads • Amassed a $100 million fortune • Founded Vanderbilt University Cornelius Vanderbilt (1794-1877)

  24. 1853

  25. Pennsylvania Railroad 1854 • 1846 Chartered by Pennsylvania • Connected Philadelphia with Pittsburgh • Completed eight years later • Followed the Juniata and Susquehanna Rivers • Through southern Pennsylvania • Reached Pittsburgh via Harrisburg and Altoona • Reached Chicago 1869 • Entered New York 1873 • By 1900 a 10,000 mile system • Served Columbus, Cincinnati, Louisville, Indianapolis, and St. Louis • Most extensive electric operations of any private carrier in the country • The Pennsy Pennsylvania Station New York City

  26. Baltimore and Ohio 1827 • First common-carrier • Chartered specifically for public use • Helped build and grow the economy • Connected the East to the Ohio Valley • Underdog in the eastern market dominated by the PRR and NYC

  27. Reasons for Boost in Railroad Building • Steel rails • Tougher metal • Safer • Standard gauge tracks • Eliminated expense and inconvenience of changes from one line to another • Westinghouse air brake 1870s • Efficient and safe • Pullman palace cars 1880s • Sleeping cars • Gorgeous traveling hotels

  28. Results of Railroad Building • Unified the nation • Largest integrated national market in the world • Foreign and domestic investment • Post Civil War industrialization • Especially the steel industry • Mining and agriculture • Boon for cities • Immigration stimulated

  29. Results of Railroad Building • Land impact • Settlers followed the railroad • Tallgrass prairies—Iowa, Illinois, Kansas, Nebraska • Plowed up and planted cornfields • Shortgrass prairies of the high plains Dakotas and Montana • Range-fed cattle displaced buffalo • White pine forests—Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota • Disappeared • Standard Time and Zones • 1880s every town had its own time based on sun’s position • November 18, 1883 • Railroads declared four continental time zones • Millionaires made • Vanderbilt, Hill, Stanford Time Zones 1883

  30. TIME ZONES 1883

  31. Agricultural Regions, 1889-1900 In the Pacific Northwest and east of the 28-inch-rainfall line, farmers could grow a greater variety of crops. Territory west of the line was either too mountainous or too arid to support agriculture without irrigation. The grasslands that once fed buffalo herds now could feed beef cattle.

  32. Expansion of Agriculture, 1860-1900 The amount of improved farmland more than doubled during these forty years. This map shows how agricultural expansion came in two ways--first, western lands were brought under cultivation; second, in other areas, especially the Midwest, land was cultivated much more intensely than before.

  33. Mining and Cattle Frontiers, 1860-1890 The western mining and ranching bonanzas lured thousands of Americans hoping to get rich quick.

  34. Wrongdoing in Railroads • Stock watering • Selling stock far in excess of its real value • Bribed judges and legislatures • Pools • Earliest form of combination • Agreement to divide business in a given area and share the profits • Free passes to journalists and politicians • Rebates or kickbacks to shippers in return for steady business

  35. Government regulation • States attempted to regulate the railroad monopoly, however • 1886 Wabash Case • Wabash, St. Louis and Pacific Railway Company v. Illinois • Supreme Court decision • States have no power to regulate interstate commerce • Therefore Congress passed • Interstate Commerce Act 1887

  36. Interstate Commerce Act 1887 • Prohibited rebates and pools • Required railroads to publish rates openly • Forbade unfair discrimination against shippers • Outlawed charging more for a short haul than a long one • Created the Interstate Commerce Commission • Administers and enforces the law

  37. Interstate Commerce Act 1887 Results • First large scale attempt by Washington to regulate business in the interest of society • Beginning of government commitment to monitoring and directing the economy • Government would protect the public interest • Weakened by frequent federal court decisions overturning ICC requirements

  38. Trust Movement • 1860 U.S. • Ranked fourth among manufacturing nations • 1890 U.S. • Ranked first among manufacturing nations Dearborn Street Chicago Loop 1909

  39. Factors Contributing to Industrialization • Railroads • Civil War production • Wealth of natural resources • Coal • Iron ore • Oil • Massive immigration • Urbanization

  40. Factors Contributing to Industrialization • American ingenuity • Mass production techniques • Pioneered by Eli Whitney • Machines • 1860-1890 440,000 patents • 1876 Telephone—Alexander Graham Bell • 1879 Electric light—Thomas Edison • Cash register • Stock ticker • Typewriter • Refrigerator cars • Electric railroads Assembly line Westinghouse Foundry Pittsburgh 1890

  41. Edison with phonograph lab Thomas Edison, the most prolific inventor of the post-Civil War era, and his invention "factories" patented hundreds of creations, including the Phonograph Light bulb Motion picture He had enormous appeal for Americans, not only because he gave them incredible new devices, but because he proved that the power of individual genius still had significance in the age of the corporation.

  42. Thomas Edison This photograph from 1893 shows Thomas A. Edison in his laboratory, the world's leading research facility when it opened in 1876. By creating research teams, the Edison laboratories could pursue several projects at once. They developed a dazzling stream of new products, most based on electrical power.

  43. “Genius is 1% inspiration and 99% perspiration.” Thomas Alva Edison

  44. Thomas Alva Edison • Most versatile inventor • 1,093 patents in his name • Genius of Menlo Park • Now—Edison, New Jersey • “Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration.” • 1879 Electric light bulb • By 1885 250,000 light bulbs in use • By 1900 15 million in use • Invented, perfected or did work on • Phonograph • Mimeograph • Dictaphone • Moving picture

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