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INDUSTRIALIZATION 1865 - 1901

Causes of Industrialization. National Resources (Raw Materials)Water, timber, coal, iron, copperNeeds helped settle the West

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INDUSTRIALIZATION 1865 - 1901

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    1. INDUSTRIALIZATION 1865 - 1901

    2. Causes of Industrialization National Resources (Raw Materials) Water, timber, coal, iron, copper Needs helped settle the West – RR Population Increase – Large and growing workforce - 1860 – 1910, tripled due to immigration Free Enterprise Laissez –faire – government eager to assist growth Entrepreneurs – talented, ambitious, ruthless Technological innovations - Patents – pre Civil War 36,000 - post Civil War (1860-1890) 440,000 Great & expanding domestic markets

    3. Government in Industry Civil War Struggles North, high tariffs to protect from foreign competition Federal subsidies for roads, RR, & canals to the West South, low tariffs to promote trade Morrill Tariff Tripled taxes on imports, western land for RR Free Trade – no tariffs

    4. New Inventions Alexander Graham Bell 1876, Telephone (AT&T) & service Thomas Alva Edison 1877, Phonograph 1879, Light bulb 1889, Edison General Electric Company (GE) Electricity as a source of light and power Textile Industry Northrup Automatic Loom Standard Sizing Power-driven Sewing Machine Mass production of Shoes

    5. More Innovations Typewriter Cash register Calculating or adding machine Electricity as a source of light & power (bulbs, street lights, generators) Street railway systems Elevators Radio – Marconi 1st airplane flight – 1903 Wright brothers Automobile (France, Germany, Austria) – internal combustion engine – used the power of burning gas to drive pistons 1903 Frank & Charles Duyea – 1st automobile in America 3 years later – Henry Ford

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    7. Steel Henry Bessemer and William Kelly – new process transforming iron into steel Bessemer process – blowing air through molten iron to burn out impurities Open hearth process Made it possible to produce steel in great quantities & un large dimensions Near iron ore & coal (Pittsburg, Michigan (UP), Mesabi Range (Minn) & B’ham, Al

    8. Railroad Expansion Linking the Nation 1865, 35,000 miles 1900, 200,000 miles Transcontinental Railroad 1862, Pres. Lincoln, Pacific Railway Act Union Pacific – Irish immigrants Central Pacific – Chinese immigrants

    9. Railroads cont. Spurring Growth Increased markets & desire for raw materials Consolidation of smaller lines (Vanderbilt) Main method of transportation – gave access to distant markets & sources of raw materials American Railway Association - 1883 Time Zones, safer more reliable Air Brakes, pull longer, heavier trains Standard Gauge, unite all lines Land Grant System Gave RR companies land in the unsettled West Sold land for $$ to finance rail construction

    11. Oil Production Used in steel industry’s need for lubrication for machines Kerosene (lamps) paraffin By 1870’s nation’s 4th largest export Wildcatter’s – black gold 1st oil well – Edwin Drake, Titusville, Pa 1901 Spindle top (near Beaumont) – Standard Oil (Rockefeller) Texas, Oklahoma, California – new discoveries broke Standard Oil’s monopoly

    12. Science of Production Subdividing tasks – reduce the need for highly trained skilled workers “Taylorism” – theoretician – controversial – way to manage labor in machine age, way to increase employer control, & make workers less independent Increase efficiency Research/laboratories – modeled after Thomas Edison’s Menlo Park industrial laboratory Hundreds of thousands of dollars on research by their own engineers & scientists Mass production – moving assembly line

    17. HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION

    20. Trust Busting

    24. Union Problems No laws protecting the right to organize Courts ruled strikes were “conspiracies that interfered with trade” Perception that unions threatened American Institutions Marxist, Anarchists, or Revolutionaries Rarely successful

    25. The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 Cut wages Nation’s 1st labor protest 80,000 workers, 11 states President Hayes sends troops to regain order 100 killed, millions in damages Failure led to organization of Knights of Labor

    27. Haymarket Riot of 1886 8 hr. day Clash between police & workers Anarchists set off bomb – police open fire 7 cops, 4 workers die 8 arrested, 4 executed (only 1 a Knight) Knights of Labor membership declines

    30. Working Women Domestic servants, teachers, nurses, secretaries Paid less for same job Excluded from unions Women’s Trade Union League (WTUL) 8 hr. work day No evening work No child labor Collected funds to help striking women

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