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METABOLISM

METABOLISM. The chemical changes that occur in living organisms The Principal Organs: Digestive Organs Liver Pancreas Heart and Blood Vessels Kidneys. Energy Metabolism Centers on 4 Basic Units: From Carbohydrate – glucose From Lipids – glycerol and fatty acids

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METABOLISM

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  1. METABOLISM • The chemical changes that occur in living organisms The Principal Organs: • Digestive Organs • Liver • Pancreas • Heart and Blood Vessels • Kidneys

  2. Energy Metabolism Centers on 4 Basic Units: From Carbohydrate – glucose From Lipids – glycerol and fatty acids From Protein – amino acids

  3. Metabolic pathways break down compounds (CATABOLIC) or build more complex compounds (ANABOLIC) Metabolic pathways are never completely inactive

  4. IMPORTANT METABOLIC COMPOUNDS ATP – adenosine triphosphate A high energy compound that is the main direct fuel for cells Production of ATP is the fundamental goal of metabolism’s energy producing pathway

  5. BREAKDOWN and RELEASE of ENERGY - CARBOHYDRATE • 1. Glycolysis: the anaerobic metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate

  6. BREAKDOWN and RELEASE of ENERGY - CARBOHYDRATE • 2. Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA: an aerobic reaction • If oxygen is unavailable, this reaction cannot occur and lactate is formed • Lactate is an alternative fuel that muscle cells can use, or liver cells can convert to glucose

  7. BREAKDOWN and RELEASE of ENERGY - CARBOHYDRATE • 3. Citric acid cycle/Kreb’s Cycle/Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle: a circular metabolic pathway

  8. BREAKDOWN and RELEASE of ENERGY - CARBOHYDRATE • 4. Electron Transport Chain: This pathway produces most of the ATP available from glucose

  9. END PRODUCTS • When completely broken down, each glucose molecule yields carbon dioxide, water, and ATP • 30-32 ATP are formed by the complete break down of glucose

  10. BREAKDOWN and RELEASE of ENERGY - FATS • To begin breaking down fat, the body breaks triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids • Most of the energy is stored in the fatty acids (glycerol can be converted to glucose or pyruvate) • Fatty acids usually produce substantially more ATP than glucose (16 carbon fatty acid = 129 ATP)

  11. BREAKDOWN and RELEASE of ENERGY - PROTEIN • Protein is only used for energy in the absence of carbohydrate or fat • Carbon skeletons: are formed by the deamination of amino acids and can enter the metabolic pathways at several points depending on their structure (# carbons)

  12. BREAKDOWN and RELEASE of ENERGY - PROTEIN • Glucogenic Amino Acids: become pyruvate or a citric acid cycle intermediate • Ketogenic Amino Acids: become acetyl CoA • The carbon skeleton’s point of entry determines the amount of ATP produced

  13. FEASTING

  14. FASTING

  15. Figure 6-5 (continued fasting). FASTING

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