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Ecology Basics: Interactions and Terms

Learn about the fundamental concepts of ecology, including biotic and abiotic factors, energy flow, ecological pyramids, symbiotic relationships, and predator-prey interactions.

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Ecology Basics: Interactions and Terms

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  1. TAKS Review Ecology

  2. Basic Terms • Ecology  the study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment • Biotic factors living or once living parts of the environment • Abiotic factors non-living parts of the environments (light, wind, water)

  3. Sun: main source of energy for life • Biotic or Abiotic?

  4. Practice Question The table lists four groups of factors found in a particular ecosystem. Which group consists of only abiotic factors? F Group 1 G Group 2 H Group 3 J Group 4 H

  5. Levels of Organization

  6. Food Web or Food Chain?

  7. Food Web or Food Chain?

  8. Food Web or Food Chain? Energy is passed from the PRODUCERS (algae) to four different levels of CONSUMERS. Remember the arrowsshow the direction of ENERGY flow

  9. Practice Question Plants Aphids Spiders Sparrows In this food chain, the spiders are- A. Producers B. Primary consumers C. Competitors D. Secondary consumers D

  10. Energy Pyramid How much energy gets passed on from one level to the next? C’mon…do the math 10%

  11. Energy Pyramid Only 10% of the energy from one trophic level gets passed on to the next. That means 90% of the energy is lost!!! How? Energy is lost in the form of kinetic energy (movement, maintaining homeostasis and metabolism) and heat.

  12. Biomass Pyramid Same idea as the energy pyramid, but measures the dry mass of organisms found at a given trophic level. Guess how much biomass is passed on to the next trophic level……. 10%

  13. 10% Rule Each trophic level harvests only about 1/10 (or 10%) of the energy from the level below, so it can only support about one tenth (or 10%) the amount of living tissue.

  14. Heterotrophs Autotrophs Practice Question A At which trophic level in a biomass pyramid, like the one above, are producers found? • 1 • 2 • 3 • 1 and 2

  15. Practice Question The diagram represents a pyramid of biomass. Which of the following best explains why a pyramid shape is useful in this representation? D A Most of the food consumed is recycled at every trophic level. B Energy from the producers is equally distributed in all trophic levels. C Decomposers receive a small amount of energy from the biomass. D Each trophic level supports a lesser amount of biomass.

  16. Biomagnification Hey…this pyramid looks upside-down! Just a little pollution can build up to big problems.

  17. Biomagnification • results in higher concentrations of a substance in organisms at higher levels in the food chain (at higher trophic levels). • Most noted with harmful chemicals such as Mercury (Hg) and DDT (pesticide) • Also called bioaccumulation or biological magnification

  18. Lake Trout • Phytoplankton Zooplankton Gulls Smelt Practice Question Which of these organisms would have accumulated the largest concentration of a long-term chemical pollutant in their bodies? • Phytoplankton • Gulls • Lake Trout • Zooplankton B

  19. Practice Question In a typical forest community, plants are producers, rabbits are primary consumers, and wolves are secondary consumers. Which diagram correctly represents these relationships? H

  20. Practice Question The diagram to the right is intended to show relationships in an ecosystem. What do the arrows represent? F The direction of population migration G Differences in dietary habits H Progressively smaller organisms J The direction of energy flow J

  21. Crab spider and honeybee Ecological Interactions Blowfly maggots on a baby purple martin.

  22. One type of ecological interaction is a symbiotic relationship Symbiosis is a close relationship between two or more species There are several types of symbiosis. parasitism commensalism mutualism

  23. Parasitism The parasite gains nutrients, shelter or some benefit at the expense of the host. Can you identify the parasite and host in the pictures?

  24. Commensalism One organism benefits while the other is neither helped nor harmed. Barnacles on whale fin. Barnacles get food as whale swims. Whale is not helped or harmed.

  25. More commensalism Cattle egrets feed off the insects that cows stir up while grazing. Cows get nothing, egrets get fed!

  26. Mutualism 3-way mutualism. The caterpillars have nectar organs which the ants drink from, and the acacia tolerates the feeding caterpillars. The ants provide some protection for both plant and caterpillar. Honeybee and flower. Honeybee gets nectar. Flower spreads pollen. Both benefit.

  27. Assuming both cow and chicken benefit from this relationship, what form of symbiosis would this be? Mutualism

  28. Predator and Prey Interactions Prey = hunted Predator = hunter

  29. Competition Organisms try to use the same ecological resource in the same time at the same place. Example of resources: Sunlight, water, nutrients, food, root space, prey, mates Hyena and vultures fighting over leftovers from the lion’s meal.

  30. Practice Question Clown fish are reef fish that seek protection from predators by sheltering themselves among the stinging tentacles of sea anemones. Clown fish are territorial and can scare off predators of sea anemones. This relationship is an example of- A. neutralism B. mutualism C. parasitism D. commensalism B

  31. Practice Question Which of the following is most likely to cause increases in a predator population? A. Fewer prey B. A reduction in competition C. More parasites D. A period of drought B

  32. Practice Question Insecticides help humans compete with insects for a resource. Which resource is most likely to be preserved for humans through the use of insecticides? F Sunlight G Water H Food J Air H

  33. Practice Question Two competing species can thrive in the same community if they have — F the same habitat G different niches H similar diets J different life spans G

  34. Practice Question In Central America there is a tree called bulhorn acacia (Acacia cornigera) that provides both food and shelter to a certain species of ant (Pseudomyrmex ferruginea). The ants live within the tree without causing it harm. In fact, tha ants protect the tree by vigorously attacking and stinging other animals that try to eat it. This relationship is an example of- A. Predation B. Parasitism C. Mutualism D Commensalism C

  35. Practice Question Which word best describes the fungus in the situation to the right? A Predator B Producer C Parasite D Decomposer A

  36. Practice Question A tick feeding on the blood of a dog is an example of — A commensalism B parasitism C neutralism D mutualism B

  37. Practice Question Which of these best represents a mutualistic relationship? A. Bull snake/mouse B. White-tailed deer/grass C. Hummingbird/blossom D. Spade foot toad/cricket C

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