The Early Cold War: 1945-1960

1. The EarlyCold War:1945-1960

2. The Ideological Struggle Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations US & the Western Democracies GOAL spread world-wide Communism GOAL “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world. • METHODOLOGIES: • Espionage [KGB vs. CIA] • Arms Race [nuclear escalation] • Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples  “proxy wars” • Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

3. A.Roots of the Cold War

4. The 2 sides disagreed what model the world should follow Yalta violated by both sides Shaping of the Post-War World

5. West takes after the U.S. East takes after the Soviet Union The Bipolarization of Europe

6. Divide between Eastern & Western Europe The “Iron Curtain” From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe. -- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

7. Partition of Germany • 4 zones of influence after WWII • Soviet Union wanted to punish Germany for WWII • US (& Allies) wanted to rebuild

8. B.Containment

9. U.S. ambassador to the Soviet Union 1946 – writes the “Long Telegram” and later Article X To Truman: the Soviets are expanding & they must be contained George Kennan & The Long Telegram & Article X “The Soviets ideology is the outside world was hostile and that it was their duty eventually to overthrow the political forces beyond their borders”

10. Containment – stopping the spread of Communism, but not eliminating it from countries that already are communist 1947: Greece and Turkey under threat of communist parties The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside pressure. The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid. Aid will be provided to other nations under threat from communism Truman Doctrine [1947]

11. Western European nations threatened by Communism because of instability The U. S. should provide aid to all European nations that need it. “This moveis not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.” $12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but this was rejected] Marshall Plan [1948] Sec of State George Marshall

13. C. Conflict over Germany 1948-49

14. 1948 – the U.S., France, & Britain wanted Germany to become independent Soviet Union does not & takes Berlin Hostage Became a symbolic issue Independence?

15. Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49) • Soviet Union cuts off all ground transportation in and out of Berlin • June 1948 – May 1949 U.S. had to fly all supplies into Berlin • 277,000 flights and 2 million tons of supplies • U.S. would win & blockade ended

17. Germany would be divided into 2 nations West Germany: Democratic East Germany: Communist Berlin continued to be divided The End Effect

18. D.The Arms Race & Military Alliances

19. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949) • United States • Belgium • Britain • Canada • Denmark • France • Iceland • Italy • Luxemburg • Netherlands • Norway • Portugal • 1952: Greece & Turkey • 1955: West Germany • 1983: Spain

20. Warsaw Pact (1955) • U. S. S. R. • Albania • Bulgaria • Czechoslovakia • East Germany • Hungary • Poland • Rumania

21. Two Nuclear Powers • The Soviet Union exploded its first A-bomb in 1949.

23. Both now wanted stronger nuclear weapons U.S. 1st to test a Hydrogen Bomb in Nov. 1952 Soviet Union tested theirs in August 1953 Hydrogen Bomb

24. Both nations will now compete to develop and create more nuclear weapons The Arms Race

25. National Defense Budget

26. E.Containment in Asia

27. Civil War ends Becomes communist under Mao Zedong Called the People’s Republic of China Seen as a major failure of containment Nationalists set up their own government in Taiwan called the Republic of China China: 1949

28. Which China gets the seat in the UN? ROC given the seat Soviet Union will boycott in protest United Nations deals with China

29. Korea divided at the end of WWII at 38th parallel 1950: N. Korea invaded S. Korea U.S. didn’t want containment to fail Pressures UN to invade War in Korea1950-1953

30. Troops led by MacArthur Takes war into N. Korea China enters the war War in Korea1950-1953

31. Mac wants to use the A-bomb Truman fires him Negotiations begin for a cease-fire Achieved in 1953 War in Korea1950-1953

32. F.Cold War Under Eisenhower

33. Created by Sec. of State Dulles Rejection of Containment 2 Principals: 1. Encourage Liberation 2. Retaliation Brinkmanship – being on the verge of war “New Look Military” Eisenhower scales back army & navy in favor of nuclear capabilities Massive Retaliation

34. Nikita Khrushchev becomes premier Believed in “peaceful coexistence” Agreement at Geneva Summit (1955) for nuclear disarmament Relations sour after Hungarian Uprising in 1956 Death of Stalin (1953) “We will bury you”

35. Soviet satellite launched into space Showed the U.S. falling behind technologically National Defense Education Act (NDEA): rigorous education program Science Math Foreign Lang. 1958: U.S. launches satellite Explorer I NASA formed in 1958 Sputnik (1957)

36. 1958: Khrushchev issues ultimatum Get out of W. Berlin Eisenhower refuses to give in Send Nixon to U.S.S.R in 1959 Kitchen Debates Khrushchev visits for 2 weeks 2 countries agree to summit in 1960 to discuss issues Berlin (Again)

37. U-2 Spy plane shot down May 1960 U.S. denied it was spying U.S.S.R proved they were Happened 10 days before planned summit Worst U.S – Soviet relations since Stalin U-2 Incident

38. G.Cuba

39. January 1, 1959, wrestles control from Fulgencio Batista Reason? Too much American control in Cuba Tries to visit U.S. Ike refuses to meet with him Nationalizes all U.S. property Fidel Castro

40. Sept 1959, Khrushchev offers aid Castro accepts – turns Cuba communist 1960: U.S. begins plotting against Castro & breaks off diplomatic ties Castro encourages Latin America to have Communist Revolutions Alliance with the U.S.S.R