SUBMITTED BY EDGEFX TEAM

1. PRECISE ILLUMINATION CONTROL OF LAMP SUBMITTED BY EDGEFX TEAM

2. ABSTRACT • Based on the principle of firing angle control of thyristors on giving connection to any ac load, here a lamp from the control the circuit. • A display unit displays the full intensity or any percentage and one can enter the desired percentage to reduce the intensity • The firing angle would be automatically adjusted to maintain the load power • This operation is carried out by using two no’s of SCRs connected in back to back or a triac in series with the ac load.

3. BLOCK DIAGRAM

4. HARD WARE EQUIPMENTS • POWER SUPPLY BLOCK • MICROCONTROLLER (AT89S52/AT89C51) • LCD DISPLAY • KEYPAD • LM358 (COMPARATOR) • MOC3021 • BC547 • 1N4007 • LED • RESISTORS & CAPACITORS • SCR

6. EMBEDDED SYSTEMS Definition for :- EMBEDDED SYSTEMS • A combination of hardware and software which together form a component of a larger machine. • An example of an embedded system is a microprocessor that controls an automobile engine. • An embedded system is designed to run on its own without human intervention, and may be required to respond to events in real time.

7. EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

8. MICRO CONTROLLER AT89S52 • Compatible with MCS®-51 Products • 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory • 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range • Crystal Frequency 11.0592MHZ • Three-level Program Memory Lock • 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM • 32 Programmable I/O Lines • Three 16-bit Timer/Counters • Eight Interrupt Sources • Full Duplex UART Serial Channel • Watchdog Timer

9. PIN DIAGRAM OF AT89S52

10. LED LEDs are semiconductor devices are made out of silicon When current passes through the LED, it emits photons as a byproduct. Normal light bulbs produce light by heating a metal filament until its white hot LEDs present many advantages over traditional light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size and faster switching

11. THYRISTOR (SCR) • A silicon-controlled rectifier (or semiconductor-controlled rectifier) is a four-layer solid state device that controls current The name "silicon controlled rectifier" or SCR is General Electric's trade name for a type of thyristor • An SCR consists of four layers of alternating P and N type semiconductor materials. • Silicon is used as the intrinsic semiconductor, to which the proper dopants are added • The doping of PNPN will depend on the application of SCR, since its characteristics are similar to those of the thyratron

12. BC547 • The BC547 transistor is an NPN Epitaxial Silicon Transistor. • The BC547 transistor is a general-purpose transistor in small plastic packages. • It is used in general-purpose switching and amplification BC847/BC547 series 45 V, 100 mA NPN general-purpose transistors. • Whenever base is high, then current starts flowing through base and emitter and after that only current will pass from collector to emitter

13. MOC3021 ( OPTO COUPLER ) • Opto-couplers are made up of a LED and a light sensitive device, all • wrapped up in one package • no electrical connection between the two devices • The light sensitive device may be a photodiode, phototransistor, or more • esoteric devices such as thyristors, triacs etc.

14. LM 358 ( COMPARATOR ) • Internally frequency compensated for unity gain. • Large dc voltage gain: 100 Db. • Wide bandwidth (unity gain): 1 MHz (temperature compensated) • Wide power supply range: • Single supply: 3V to 32V • or dual supplies: ±1.5V to ±16V • Very low supply current drain (500 µA)-essentially independent of supply voltage. • Low input offset voltage: 2 mV • Input common-mode voltage range includes ground. • Differential input voltage range equal to the power supply voltage.

15. LM 358 PIN DIAGRAM • 1 - Output 1 • 2 - Inverting input • 3 - Non-inverting input • 4 – VCC- • 5 - Non-inverting input 2 • 6 - Inverting input 2 • 7 - Output 2 • 8 – VCC+

16. Keypad • A keypad is a set of buttons arranged in a block or "pad" which usually bear digits, symbols and usually a complete set of alphabetical letters. If it mostly contains numbers then it can also be called a numeric keypad. • In order to detect which key is pressed from the matrix, the row lines are to be made low one by one and read the columns. Assume that if Row1 is made low, then read the columns. • If any of the key in row1 is pressed then correspondingly the column 1will give low that is if second key is pressed in Row1, then column2 will give low.

17. LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD) • Most common LCDs connected to the microcontrollers are 16x2 and • 20x2 displays. • This means 16 characters per line by 2 lines and 20 characters per line • by 2 lines, respectively. • The standard is referred to as HD44780U, which refers to the controller • chip which receives data from an external source (and communicates • directly with the LCD.

18. LCD BACKGROUND • If an 8-bit data bus is used the LCD will require 11 data lines • (3 control lines plus the 8 lines for the data bus) • The three control lines are referred to as EN, RS, and RW • EN=Enable (used to tell the LCD that you are sending it data) • RS=Register Select (When RS is low (0), data is treated as a command) • (When RS is High(1), data being sent is text data ) • R/W=Read/Write (When RW is low (0), the data written to the LCD) • (When RW is low (0), the data reading to the LCD)

19. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES Embedded C , ALP (Assembly Language) COMPILERS: Keil 2.0/3.0uv DUMPING SOFT WARE: Using Micro controller flash Software we are dumping our HEX Code into Micro Controller

20. KEIL COMPILER WINDOW

21. BIBILOGRAPHY • The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded systems” by Muhammad Ali Mazidi and Janice Gillispie Mazidi , Pearson Education. • ATMEL 89S52 Data Sheets. • www.atmel.com • www.beyondlogic.org • www.wikipedia.org • www.howstuffworks.com • www.alldatasheets.com

22. THANK ‘Q’