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APUSH Period: 4A Expansion and Reform 1801 - 1850

This period saw the end of the War of 1812 and a strong sense of national pride, with Americans acting independently from British influence. Supreme Court decisions reflected a nationalist perspective. The election of 1816 brought James Monroe to the presidency, continuing the Virginia Dynasty. Florida became part of the United States due to the Seminole War, and cultural developments included the Hudson River School of Art and neoclassical architecture. The American System championed by Henry Clay focused on banks, infrastructure, and economic gains, though it was met with some contention. Transportation advancements, such as the National Road, steamboats, canals, and railroads, connected the country economically and socially. The Market Revolution led to the rise of manufacturing and factories, and the Industrial Revolution transformed society. The Monroe Doctrine established the United States' approach to foreign affairs in the Western Hemisphere. The Compromise of 1820 and the "Corrupt Bargain" shaped political rivalries, as Andrew Jackson formed the Jacksonian Democrats and the Whig Party emerged as an opposition to Jackson's policies.

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APUSH Period: 4A Expansion and Reform 1801 - 1850

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  1. APUSH Period: 4A Expansion and Reform 1801 - 1850 R. M. Tolles

  2. Era of Good Feelings • Ended the War of 1812 - feeling of national pride… “We stood up to the Giant, and walked away.” • Nationalism - feeling of intense loyalty and pride toward ones nation. Started acting like Americans not transplanted British • Supreme Court decisions that represented nationalism, under Chief Justice John Marshall

  3. Election of 1816 • Madison secured the nomination of his secretary of state (then the seen stepping stone to President, not the VP) – James Monroe (Rep.) • Continuation of what many called the Virginia Dynasty • Rufus King of NY (Federalists) ran against Monroe but lost only receiving 34 electoral • Federalists died off as many saw their lack of support for the War of 1812 as anti - patriotic

  4. President James Monroe • 5th 1817 - 1825 • Democratic Republican • Ended the War of 1812 - feeling of national pride… “We stood up to the Giant, and walked away.” • Nationalism - feeling of intense loyalty and pride toward ones nation. Started acting like Americans not transplanted British

  5. FLORIDA • Indian raids forced the US to take • action. (The Seminole War) • Sec. of War (John C. Calhoun) Sent Gen. Jackson to squash raids, actually ended up seizing Spanish Settlements and removing the governor. • John Quincy Adams (Sec of State) • had already started negotiations. • When Jackson went to far, it was Adams who supported it. • Spain ceded Florida in the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819

  6. Culture • Hudson River School of Art - Art that is of American Landscapes. True American Artists and American Art developing around our own history. • Neoclassical Architecture - Greek revival mixed with American views and artists. Example: Monticello • Scientific Advances

  7. “American System” • Henry Clay emerged in the Era of Good Feelings as one of the most prominent politicians of the day. • Clay fought for the American System • Banks • Infrastructure • Economic gains • North really liked it, South felt it was one sided.

  8. Principal Canals in 1840

  9. Transportation National Road - 1806 - funded by Congress Cumberland, MD to Wheeling (West Virginia) Water - Steamboat - Robert Fulton The Clermont and James Watt (steam engine) Erie Canal - connected Albany to Buffalo (NY) 363 miles meant to connect the area for trade. Lowered cost (20-2 cents per mile) made NY City the greatest port in the US Railroads - most practical form of transportation year round. Largest economic force of this period. Connected the country both economically, and socially (ie: mail and communication)

  10. Economy • Market Revolution – embrace of Capitalism (Free Enterprise System) • Manufacturing – machines to make goods • Centralized textile factory – All parts of a product made at one place • Factory work skyrocketed – Specialization, knowing one part of a system

  11. TheRailroadRevolution,1850s • Immigrant laborbuilt the No. RRs. • Slave laborbuilt the So. RRs.

  12. Industrial Revolution in Society • Industrial Revolution (mainly in the North) Use of machines to produce faster • Steam Engine • U.S. Stole textile ideas from England • Eli Whitney • Interchangeable Parts – beginning of assembly line • Cotton Gin – De-Seed cotton (Patent), PG 105 • Built more Roads

  13. Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791 1807: The Clermont Robert Fulton & the Steamboat

  14. Monroe Doctrine • President Monroe saw a recovering Europe, and wanted to make sure they didn’t try to reclaim North American Land. Said 4 things: • 1. U.S. not to be involved in foreign affairs • 2. U.S. Recognized Western Colonies • 3. U.S. No new Colonization in the West • 4. U.S. will defend anyone in the Western hemisphere from European Attack

  15. The Compromise of 1820:A Fireball in the Night!

  16. Jackson’s Opponents in 1824 and the “Corrupt Bargain” Henry Clay[KY] John C. Calhoun[SC] John Quincy Adams[MA] William H. Crawford[GA] Andrew Jackson [TN]

  17. Define “corrupt bargain” in your own words. You should have something like: Henry Clay got Quincy Adams elected President in the House in exchange for a position as Secretary of State. I’ll get you, Republicans!

  18. Jackson’s anger over Clay and others’ turning against him leads him to split the Republican party by forming his own party, the… Jacksonian Democrats

  19. Jackson’s anger over Clay and others’ turning against him leads him to split the Republican party by forming his own party, the… Jacksonian Democrats Booo!!! You’re worse than your father was at being President! The Jacksonian Democrats were helped by the fact that John Quincy Adams did not do well as President from 1825-1829.

  20. New Political Parties other than the Jacksonian Democrats • Whig Party - Founded in 1834 – formed in opposition to Jackson • Won with Harrison in 1840 • Start of a new round of Political parties in the US • Know-Nothings – (also called Americas Party) – based on nativism, or opposition to foreigners. • Often very secretive and anti-catholic

  21. President John Quincy Adams • Father - John Adams the 2nd President: Father/Son President combination up till Bush/Bush Jr. • 6th Pres. - National Republicans party, a spin off of Jeffersonian views. • Nickname: “Accidental President”

  22. Messy Campaign – Election of 1828 Rachel Jackson - divorce? Champion of the “Common Man”? “King”Andrew? OR

  23. In 1828, Jackson won the Presidential election as more common men were able to vote. One permanent change in our nation’s politics involved how campaigns were conducted. The common man would often only get information from… mudslinging Republican for life! vs. I’m a Democrat now!

  24. In 1828, Jackson won the Presidential election as more common men were able to vote. One permanent change in our nation’s politics involved how campaigns were conducted. The common man would often only get information from… mudslinging

  25. In 1828, Jackson won the Presidential election as more common men were able to vote. One permanent change in our nation’s politics involved how campaigns were conducted. The common man would often only get information from… mudslinging Your mother is a covent garden nun*! a political cartoon depicting the mudslinging of the 1828 campaign *A covent garden nun was slang for a prostitute.

  26. essential question: How did the Age of Jackson change America?

  27. The United States would change forever, becoming more like it is today during the… Age of Jackson • 1820s and 1830s • more power to the common man • states end the property requirement to vote • common men would then vote for Jackson because he grew up as a common man • more power to the President

  28. “OLD Hickory” Jackson’s Presidency - Jacksonian Age • Spoil System - appointing people to government positions based on party loyalty. First President to use this - considered a patronage (going with loyalty and friends over others)‏ • Kitchen Cabinent - a group of trusted friends that he relied on instead of the multiple cabinets members • Veto - used the veto power extensively, used it more than all the other Presidents before him combined. Pocket Veto - used quite allot

  29. How did Jackson’s spoils system change the way government worked? spoils system = giving your political allies appointments when you are elected Although this cartoon was published by Thomas Nast in 1877 to ridicule the political corruption of that day, Jackson was credited with inventing the "spoils" system of giving the victors in an election the rewards of making job appointments.

  30. How did Jackson’s Indian Policy show increased influence of the common man? How does Jackson’s Indian policy explain the current situation of Native Americans? “five civilized tribes” = those adopting some white culture to keep land Write the definition of the terms for a reference when you answer the questions in your own words. 1- Seminole 2- Creek 3- Choctaw 4- Chickasaw 5- Cherokee

  31. Jackson’s Goal? • 1830  Indian Removal Act • Cherokee Nation v. GA (1831) * “domestic dependent nation” • Worcester v. GA (1832)‏ • Jackson:John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it! Indian Removal

  32. Indian Removal Act of 1830= government funding treaties to move Natives west (Jackson prefers force)

  33. Worcester v. Georgia = John Marshall says Native land rights have to be recognized; Jackson refuses to enforce Marshall dies in 1835, replaced by Roger B. Taney (Close friend of Jackson)

  34. Nullification Crisis= standoff between S.C. and Jackson; S.C. refuses to collect tariff and Jackson threatens force; a lower tariff ends crisis (for now…) I’ll force you to collect the tariff! I propose a tariff bill that will lower the tariff and end this crisis! We nullify the tariff! States’ rights forever!

  35. South Carolina Exposition= in reaction to the tariff, John C. Calhoun (V.P. at time, from S.C.) secretly published this to support nullification based on states’ rights States rights! Nullification! States rights! Nullification!

  36. How does the Nullification Crisis prove Jackson to be a powerful President? possible terms to use in your answer: Tariff of Abominations, South Carolina Exposition, nullification, states’ rights, Nullification Crisis

  37. 1830 Webster:Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable. Webster – Haynes Debate Jackson:Our Federal Union—it must be preserved. Calhoun:The Union, next to our liberty, most dear.

  38. National Bank - Problem? • What was it? - Designed to run Hamilton’s economic plan and to produce bank notes (currency) Run successfully by Nicholas Biddle. • Why now? - Election of 1832, Henry Clay (hoping to make it a political issue in the next election, one in which Clay wanted to run against Jackson) tried to re-charter the bank, Jackson vetoed it • Election Results - Jackson won overwhelmingly, saw it as his duty to destroy the bank. • How? - Removed federal deposits from the bank and placed them into State (Pet) Banks

  39. Opposition to the 2nd National Bank of The U.S. “Soft”(paper) $ “Hard”(specie) $ • state bankers feltit restrained theirbanks from issuingbank notes freely. • supported rapid economic growth & speculation. • Issue more money – grow the economy • felt that coin was the only safe currency. • didn’t like any bank that issued bank notes. • suspicious of expansion & speculation. • Supported by Jackson

  40. How did Jackson again show a new, stronger President in the bank war? bank war = Jackson’s attempt to kill the 2nd Bank of the U.S.; begins with his vetoing the recharter of the bank Democratic cartoon shows Jackson fighting the monster Bank. "The Bank," Jackson told Martin Van Buren, "is trying to kill me, but I will kill it!"

  41. Election of 1832 = Jackson wins over Henry Clay, ending the Republican Party; seen as support for his veto of bank

  42. pet banks = where Jackson put the 2nd B.U.S.’s money to officially kill the national bank It is ironic that Jackson is now on federal money because he killed the national bank responsible for a common currency.

  43. Election of 1836 - Martin Van Buren, hand picked by Jackson. He defeated three Whigs candidates Panic of 1837 - severe depression, worst one up to this point Van Buren - highly unpopular after. Election of 1840 - “Tippecanoe and Tyler Too” v. “Martin Van Ruin” Brings in Tyler after Harrison dies. Pres. Tyler, suppose to be a puppet Presidency, however, when Harrison died, Tyler was a man without a party. Lame Duck President Jackson’s Successors

  44. President Martin Van Buren - 8th Considered a poor politician. Van Buren reluctantly received his party’s nomination they wanted him to take a stand on annexation. Lost to Harrison “Martin Van Ruin”

  45. Creating a Business-Friendly Climate Supreme Court Rulings:*Fletcher v. Peck (1810)*Dartmouth v. Woodward (1819)*McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)*Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)*Charles Rivers Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1835)‏ General Incorporation Law passed in New York, 1848. Laissez faire BUT, govt. did much to assist capitalism!

  46. The Early Union Movement Workingman’s Party (1829) * Founded by Robert Dale Owen and others in New York City. Early unions were usually local, social, and weak. Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842). Worker political parties were ineffective until the post-Civil War period.

  47. 1.The Second Great Awakening “Spiritual Reform From Within”[Religious Revivalism] Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality Education Temperance Abolitionism Asylum &Penal Reform Women’s Rights

  48. Transcendentalist Thinking • Man must acknowledge a body of moral truths that were intuitive and must TRANSCEND more sensational proof: • The infinite benevolence of God. 2. The infinite benevolence of nature. 3. The divinity of man. - Romantism • They instinctively rejected all secular authority and the authority of organized churches and the Scriptures, of law, or of conventions

  49. Legend of Sleepy Hollow Last of the Mohigans Scarlet Letter Hiawatha Moby Dick Raven American Writers • Washington Irving • James F. Cooper • Nathaniel Hawthorne • Henry Longfellow • Herman Melville • Edgar Allen Poe

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