IMPACT OF POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS BETWEEN 1945-1970

1. IMPACT OF POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS BETWEEN 1945-1970 • SSUSH23 The student will describe and assess the impact of political developments between 1945 and 1970. • a. Describe the Warren Court and the expansion of individual rights as seen in the Miranda decision. • b. Describe the political impact of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy; include the impact on civil rights legislation. • c. Explain Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society; include the establishment of Medicare. • d. Describe the social and political turmoil of 1968; include the assassinations of Martin Luther King, Jr. and Robert F. Kennedy, and the events surrounding the Democratic National Convention.

2. POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS • INTRODUCTION • 1.BETWEEN 1940S AND 1960S, POLITICAL ACTIONS AND DECISIONS RESOLVED MANY ISSUES. • 2.INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS, CIVIL RIGHTS, AND SOCIAL WELFARE WERE ADDRESSED.

3. SCOTUS: THE WARREN COURT • 1. 1950S, 1960S: SCOTUS CHIEF JUSTICE, EARL WARREN, AKA, WARREN COURT • 2. LANDMARK DECISIONS • 3. EXAMPLES • 1)BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION, 1954, SCOTUS • 2)MIRANDA V. ARIZONA, 1963, POLICE MUST INFORM SUSPECTS OF CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS AT THE TIME OF ARREST… • (THIS DECISION STRENGTHENED AMERICANS’ INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS.) • 3)RIGHT OF FREE SPEECH PROTECTS STUDENTS WHO WEAR ARMBANDS AS ANTI-WAR PROTEST ON SCHOOL GROUNDS

4. BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION

5. LINDA BROWN THOMPSON •  . . well. like I say, we lived in an integrated neighborhood and I had all of these playmates of different nationalities. And so when I found out that day that I might be able to go to their school, I was just thrilled, you know. And I remember walking over to Sumner school with my dad that day and going up the steps of the school and the school looked so big to a smaller child. And I remember going inside and my dad spoke with someone and then he went into the inner office with the principal and they left me out . . . to sit outside with the secretary. And while he was in the inner office, I could hear voices and hear his voice raised, you know, as the conversation went on. And then he immediately came out of the office, took me by the hand and we walked home from the school. I just couldn't understand what was happening because I was so sure that I was going to go to school with Mona and Guinevere, Wanda, and all of my playmates.

6. Earl Warren (March 19, 1891 – July 9, 1974) was the 14th Chief Justice of the United States and the only person ever elected three times as Governor of California. The Warren Court became recognized as a high point in the use of the judicial power in the effort to effect social progress in the U.S.; Warren himself became widely regarded as one of the most influential Supreme Court justices in the history of the United States and perhaps the single most important jurist of the 20th century. Warren was the last Chief Justice born in the 19th century. CHIEF JUSTICE EARL WARREN

7. Ernesto Arturo Miranda (March 9, 1941 – January 31, 1976) was a laborer whose conviction on kidnapping, rape, and armed robbery charges based on his confession under police interrogation resulted in the landmark U.S. Supreme Court case (Miranda v. Arizona), which ruled that criminal suspects must be informed of their right against self-incrimination and their right to consult with an attorney prior to questioning by police. This warning is known as a Miranda warning. ERNESTO MIRANDA THE WARREN COURT

8. MIRANDA • You have the right to remain silent. If you give up that right, anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law. You have the right to an attorney and to have an attorney present during questioning. If you cannot afford an attorney, one will be provided to you at no cost. During any questioning, you may decide at any time to exercise these rights, not answer any questions or make any statements. Do you understand these rights as I have read them to you?

9. ASSASSINATIONS OF THE 1960S • THE YEAR 1968 WAS A DEFINING MOMENT IN HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. • 1.PRESIDENT JOHN F. KENNEDY, NOV.,1963 • 2.MARTIN LUTHER KING, APR., 1968 • 3.ROBERT F. KENNEDY, JUNE, 1968

10. ASSASSINATION OF JOHN F. KENNEDY • 1. NOV., 1963, DALLAS, TX • 2. JFK’S ASSASSINATION SHOWED RESILENCE OF U.S. GOVERNMENT. • 3. JFK’S ASSASSINATION GAVE THE NEW PRESIDENT, LYNDON JOHNSON (LBJ), THE OPPORTUNITY TO PUSH HIS PLATFORM, THE GREAT SOCIETY.

11. 4. LBJ’S GREAT SOCIETY • 1)ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY ACT, 1964, LBJ’S WAR ON POVERTY • 2)CIVIL RIGHTS ACT, 1964, OUTLAWED SEGREGATION IN USA PUBLIC • 3)MEDICARE • 4)IMPROVEMENTS IN EDUCATION • 5)PROTECTING ENVIRONMENT • 6)REFORMING IMMIGRATION

12. GREAT SOCIETY, MEDICARE • Medicare is a social insurance program administered by the United States government, providing health insurance coverage to people who are aged 65 and over, or who meet other special criteria. It was originally signed into law on July 30, 1965, by President Lyndon B. Johnson as amendments to Social Security legislation. At the bill-signing ceremony President Johnson enrolled former President Harry S. Truman as the first Medicare beneficiary and presented him with the first Medicare card.

14. ASSASSINATION OF MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. • 1.APR, 1968, MEMPHIS, TN • 2. The assassination led to a nationwide wave of riots in more than 100 cities. President Lyndon B. Johnson declared April 7 a national day of mourning for the civil rights leader. • 3.ROBERT F. KENNEDY, RUNNING FOR PRESIDENT AT THE TIME, CALLED FOR CALM. • 4. ONE WEEK AFTER MLK’S DEATH, CONGRESS PASSED THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1968

15. ASSASSINATION OF MARTIN LUTHER KING • And then I got to Memphis. And some began to say the threats, or talk about the threats that were out. What would happen to me from some of our sick white brothers? Well, I don't know what will happen now. We've got some difficult days ahead. But it doesn't matter with me now. Because I've been to the mountaintop. And I don't mind. Like anybody, I would like to live a long life. Longevity has its place. But I'm not concerned about that now. I just want to do God's will. And He's allowed me to go up to the mountain. And I've looked over. And I've seen the promised land. I may not get there with you. But I want you to know tonight, that we, as a people, will get to the promised land. And I'm happy, tonight. I'm not worried about anything. I'm not fearing any man. Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord.

16. Martin Luther King, Jr. (January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) A Baptist minister, King became a civil rights activist early in his career. He led the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott and helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1957, serving as its first president. King's efforts led to the 1963 March on Washington, where King delivered his “I Have a Dream” speech. There, he raised public consciousness of the civil rights movement and established himself as one of the greatest orators in U.S. history. MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR.

17. MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. • In 1964, King became the youngest person to receive the Nobel Peace Prize for his work to end racial segregation and racialdiscrimination through civil disobedience and other non-violent means. By the time of his death in 1968, he had refocused his efforts on ending poverty and opposing the Vietnam War, both from a religious perspective.

18. MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. • King was assassinated on April 4, 1968, in Memphis, Tennessee. He was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1977 and Congressional Gold Medal in 2004; Martin Luther King, Jr. Day was established as a U.S. national holiday in 1986. • King was shot at 6:01 p.m. April 4, 1968 while he was standing on the motel's second floor balcony. The bullet entered through his right cheek smashing his jaw and then traveled down his spinal cord before lodging in his shoulder. According to Jesse Jackson, who was present, King's last words on the balcony were to musician Ben Branch, who was scheduled to perform that night at an event King was attending: "Ben, make sure you play Take My Hand, Precious Lord in the meeting tonight. Play it real pretty." Abernathy heard the shot from inside the motel room and ran to the balcony to find King on the floor.

19. MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. • LORRAINE MOTEL, MEMPHIS, TN

20. Robert Francis "Bobby" Kennedy (November 20, 1925–June 6, 1968), also called RFK, was an Americanstatesman. He was United States Attorney General from 1961 to 1964 and a United States Senator from New York from 1965 until his assassination in 1968. He was one of the younger brothers of U.S. PresidentJohn F. Kennedy and also one of his most trusted advisers, working closely with the president during the Cuban Missile Crisis. He also made a significant contribution to the African-American Civil Rights Movement. ASSASSINATION OF ROBERT F. KENNEDY

21. ASSASSINATION OF ROBERT F. KENNEDY Kennedy declared his candidacy FOR PRESIDENT on March 16, 1968 in the same room that his brother declared his candidacy 8 years earlier, he stated, "I do not run for the Presidency merely to oppose any man, but to propose new policies. I run because I am convinced that this country is on a perilous course and because I have such strong feelings about what must be done, and I feel that I'm obliged to do all I can."

22. ASSINATION OF ROBERT F. KENNEDY • On June 4, 1968, Kennedy scored a major victory when he won the California primary. He addressed his supporters in the early morning hours of June 5, 1968 in a ballroom at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles. Leaving the ballroom, he went through the hotel kitchen after being told it was a shortcut,[24] despite being advised to avoid the kitchen by his bodyguard, FBI agent Bill Barry. In a crowded kitchen passageway, Sirhan Sirhan, a 24-year-old Palestinian, opened fire with a .22 caliber revolver and shot Kennedy in the head at close range. Following the shooting, Kennedy was rushed to The Good Samaritan Hospital where he died early the next morning

23. THE KENNEDY BROTHERS

24. TET OFFENSIVE • VIETCONG LAUNCHED AN OFFENSIVE IN SOUTH VIETNAM ATTACKING 100 CITIES AND U.S. MILITARY BASES. • MANY AMERICANS TURNED AGAINST WAR AND LBJ, WHO CLAIMED N. VIETNAM AND VIETCONG WERE NEAR DEFEAT.

25. THE DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL CONVENTION, 1968 • 1. CHICAGO, IL • 2. REMEMBERED FOR SCENES WHERE POLICE ARMED CLUBS AND TEAR GAS VIOLENTLY BEAT ANTI-VIETNAM WAR PROTESTERS ON LIVE TV • 3. SOME WONDERED IF U.S. FORM OF GOVT COULD TOLERATE DISSENT.