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Civil Rights & Black Power 1945-1970

Civil Rights & Black Power 1945-1970. African American medalists, 1968 Olympics. Objective. Trace major events in the civil rights movement and evaluate its impact. Cracks in Jim Crow ’ s Armor. Origin of Jim Crow. Thomas D. Rice ’ s minstrel shows “ The Happy Slave ”. Jim Crow Laws.

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Civil Rights & Black Power 1945-1970

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  1. Civil Rights & Black Power1945-1970 African American medalists, 1968 Olympics

  2. Objective • Trace major events in the civil rights movement and evaluate its impact.

  3. Cracks in Jim Crow’s Armor

  4. Origin of Jim Crow • Thomas D. Rice’s minstrel shows • “The Happy Slave”

  5. Jim Crow Laws • Segregation (Plessy decision) • Disfranchisement • Poll Tax • Literacy Test • Grandfather Clause

  6. Executive Actions: FDR • Executive Order 8802 • No racial discrimination by government contractors • Strikes and demonstrations • War industry

  7. Executive Actions: Truman • Committee on Civil Rights, 1946 • Recommendations • Truman’s executive orders • Banned discrimination in hiring of federal employees • Integration of the Armed Forces

  8. Integration of the Armed Forces

  9. Dixiecrats • “States Rights Democratic Party” • Strom Thurmond • Abandoned Truman in the 1948 election b/c of civil rights

  10. Election of 1948

  11. Jackie Robinson, 1947 • Signed by Branch Rickey in 1947 • Broke the color line in baseball • Achievements • Rookie of the Year, 1947 • .311 career batting average • Six All-Star games

  12. Jackie Robinson, 1947

  13. School Integration: The Fight in Court

  14. Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 • Separate but Equal decision • Legalized segregation

  15. Segregation • 14th Amendment – “equal protection” • De jure segregation • segregation “by law” • common in south • De facto segregation • segregation “as a matter of fact” • common in north & south • often achieved by intimidation • continues today

  16. School Segregation Laws

  17. Terminology Desegregation = Integration

  18. Thurgood Marshall • NAACP Legal Defense Fund • Thurgood Marshall (national coordinator) • Oliver Hill (Virginia)

  19. McLaurin v. Oklahoma B.O.R., 1950 • McLaurin, retired professor • Oklahoma University School of Education • Side desk • Not allowed to “mingle” • Supreme Court rules that conditions impair education

  20. McLaurin v. Oklahoma B.O.R., 1950

  21. Sweatt v. Painter, 1950 • Hemon Sweatt was denied admission to University of Texas Law School • Sent to separate black law school • Staff • Library • Students • LDF targeted Supreme Court’s knowledge of quality legal training • Court ruled in Sweatt’s favor

  22. Elementary & Secondary Schools

  23. Davis v. Pr. Edward County VA, 1952 • Challenged segregation in Virginia • Was one of four cases that became Brown v. Board • Virginia NAACP lawyer Oliver Hill

  24. Brown v. Board of Education, 1954 • Topeka, Kansas • Parents challenged the segregated school system

  25. The Doll Test • Black children selected the white doll as “good” and “smart” and “pretty” • Demonstrated psychological impact of segregation

  26. Warren Court’s Unanimous Decision

  27. Brown v. Board of Education, 1954 • 14th Amendment • Separate is not equal • Overturned Plessy • Ordered nationwide integration • Landmark case • Topeka, Kansas

  28. Brown v. Board of Education, 1954

  29. “Massive Resistance”

  30. Slow Pace • Brown decision • “All deliberate speed” • Significant integration did not begin until mid/late 1960s

  31. Resistance to Brown in Virginia • Led by Harry Byrd, segregationist politician • Some public schools in Virginia closed down from 1959-1964 rather than integrate black students

  32. Confederate Flag • Resurrected symbol of the Civil War • Resistance to integration

  33. The Little Rock Nine, 1957 Eisenhower

  34. James Meredith, 1961 JFK

  35. George Wallace • “States’ rights” • “Segregation now, segregation tomorrow, and segregation forever!” • Alabama governor • Presidential candidate

  36. George Wallace’s Stand, 1963

  37. White Flight • New private & religious schools • Separate neighborhoods – suburbia • Resegregation

  38. The People’s Movement

  39. Organizations • NAACP – National Association for the Advancement of Colored People • CORE – Congress of Racial Equality • SNCC – Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee • SCLC – Southern Christian Leadership Conference

  40. Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955 • Beginning of civil rights movement • Economic pressure

  41. Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955

  42. Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955

  43. Nonviolent Resistance

  44. Sit-In Movement, 1960

  45. Freedom Rides, 1961

  46. Freedom Rides, 1961

  47. Birmingham, 1963

  48. Birmingham, 1963

  49. March on Washington, 1963

  50. “I Have a Dream” Text, Video & Audio of the Address

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