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Reproduction

Explore the differences between asexual and sexual reproduction in organisms, from cell splitting to fertilization, meiosis, and the formation of haploid and diploid cells. Learn about mitosis, meiosis, and their implications in genetic disorders.

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Reproduction

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  1. Reproduction • Asexual • Many single-celled organisms reproduce by splitting or budding, • Some multicellular organisms can reproduce asexually, produce clones (offspring genetically identical to parent). Meiosis KM

  2. Sexual Reproduction • During sexual reproduction, two sex cells come together. • The joining of an egg and a sperm is called fertilization, and the cell that forms is called a zygote. • Sperm are formed in the male reproductive organs. • Eggs are formed in the female reproductive organs.

  3. Diploid Cells • A typical human body cell has 46 chromosomes. (23 pairs of chromosomes) • When cells have pairs of similar chromosomes, they are said to be diploid

  4. Haploid Cells • Because sex cells do not have pairs of chromosomes, they are said to be haploid • Human sex cells have only 23 chromosomes—one from each of the 23 pairs of similar chromosomes.

  5. Meiosis and Sex Cells • A process called meiosis (mi OH sus) produces haploid sex cells.

  6. During meiosis, two divisions of the nucleus occur. These divisions are called meiosis I and meiosis II.

  7. Meiosis I • Before meiosis begins, each chromosome is duplicated, just as in mitosis.

  8. In anaphase I, the two pairs of chromatids move away from each other to opposite ends of the cell. • Each duplicated chromosome still has two chromatids. They do not separate yet.

  9. In telophase I, the cytoplasm divides, and two new cells form. • Each new cell has one duplicated chromosome from each similar pair.

  10. Meiosis II • The two cells formed during meiosis I now begin meiosis II. • The chromatids of each duplicated chromosome will be separated during this division.

  11. In prophase II, the duplicated chromosomes and spindle fibers reappear in each new cell.

  12. In metaphase II, the duplicated chromosomes move to the center of the cell. • Unlike what occurs in metaphase I, each centromere now attaches to two spindle fibers instead of one.

  13. The centromere divides during anaphase II, and the chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell. • Each chromatid now is an individual chromosome.

  14. As telophase II begins, the spindle fibers disappear, and a nuclear membrane forms around the chromosomes at each end of the cell. • When meiosis II is finished, the cytoplasm divides.

  15. Mitosis vs Meiosis

  16. Homework – Due Date will be given in class! • Look up 3 syndromes or diseases you can get from mistakes in Meiosis. List them and give a general description for each.

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