Apartheid: Racial Segregation and White Minority Rule in South Africa

1. Apartheid: Racial Segregation and White Minority Rule in South Africa

2. Basic Facts • Four basic racial categories - Native: indigenous African - White - Coloured: mixed heritage, not treated as badly as blacks - Asian

3. More Basic Stuff • Sometimes people of the same family were classified differently • Imposed after the election of 1948 when a new political party came to power - Favored the right of Afrikaners (Dutch descent) • Gender discrimination as well

4. Apartheid Laws Population Registration Act 1950: All people had to have identity cards specifying their race Group Areas Act 1950: People could live only in areas designated for their race - Native and Coloured residents forcibly removed Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act 1949 and Immorality Act 1950 Video Interview

5. More Apartheid Reservation of Separate Amenities Act 1953: Exactly what is sounds like Suppression of Communism Act 1950: Anyone speaking against Apartheid could be declared Communist Bantu Education Act 1953: Separate education systems - Education for Blacks would prepare them to be laborers Other Bantu Acts: Steps to remove blacks from government

6. “Bantustans”

8. Continued... • By 1970 all non-white representation in government was eliminated - “native” and “coloured” residents were not even considered citizens anymore - “asians” had never been allowed to vote • Many people were forced to move to designated “homelands” or “bantustans” - There were ten, related to tribe

9. Sharpeville Massacre (1960)

10. ANC (African National Congress) • Liberation organization with particular power in South Africa • Some resented the power that some white liberals had in the ANC • Tied to the South African Communist Party - Eventually declared a Communist organization • Umkhonto we Sizwe was the violent militant wing • Still the dominant political party in South Africa

11. Go Over Homework- Selections from the Freedom Charter

12. PAC (Pan-Africanist Congress) • Formed by members who left the ANC - Wanted an organization with purely black leadership - Objected to connection with other organizations - Objected to the 1955 “Freedom Charter” • Used the same tactics as the ANC with different end vision of S. Africa

13. Specific Actions Taken • ANC staged “Defiance Campaign” in 1952 to protest apartheid - Mass strikes and boycotts - Died out in 1953 after thousands of arrests • Protests such as the 1960 demonstration in Sharpeville • Church Street Bombing 1983 • Negotiated with the S. African government to repeal laws and, in 1994, allow free elections

14. The Rest of the World • In 1960 the U.N. agreed to put pressure on S. Africa to end Apartheid - Why at this time? What happened in 1960? - More official condemnations between 1962 and 1974 • U.N. passed voluntary arms embargo in 1963 and made it mandatory in 1977 • 25 nations, including U.S. and Britain passed sanctions by the late 1980's

15. Sports Boycotts • S. Africa banned from the 1964 and 1968 Olympic games - George Houser an important American figure in organizing support for boycotts • 32 Countries boycotted the 1986 Commonwealth Games • Most nations did not lift sporting bans till 1993

16. Walter Sisulu and Oliver Tambo • Both helped plan the “Defiance Campaign” • Both helped organize and lead Umkhonto we Sizwe • Sisulu went around the world to get support for the ANC • Sisulu spend 26 years in jail • Tambo was banned by the S. African government from 1959-1990

17. Nelson Mandela • Mandela and Tambo opened the only African law firm in S. Africa • Major figure behind the “defiance campaign” • In prison from 1962-1990 - became an international celebrity when he turned 60 in 1978 • Led negotiations with white government from 1990-1994 • Elected the first president of democratic S. Africa

18. Turning Point: Mandela is released from prison in 1990