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Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois

Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois. Differing ideas on how blacks could best achieve full equality and on African American education Washington: felt that blacks should achieve economic success before trying to gain political equality

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Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois

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  1. Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois • Differing ideas on how blacks could best achieve full equality and on African American education • Washington: felt that blacks should achieve economic success before trying to gain political equality • Du Bois: blacks should strive to achieve immediate equality with whites in all aspects of American life

  2. The Ghost Dance • Westward expansion—Indians gradually lose their lands • The “Ghost Dance” • Sitting Bull and the Sioux • Wounded Knee

  3. The Grange • Helped farmers form cooperatives • Fought unfair practices of railroad companies • Farmers’ Alliances

  4. Jane Addams and Hull House Immigrant children at Hull House • Jane Addams • “Settlement” houses/Hull House • Provided activities and services for poor immigrants Jane Addams

  5. The Populist Party • Founded in 1891 • Goals • 1892 election: Populist candidate James Weaver carries 10% of vote • 1896 election: William Jennings Bryan’s defeat kills Populist Party William Jennings Bryan

  6. Gilded Age Business Practices John D. Rockefeller • Combinations • Vertical and horizontal integration • Trusts • Holding companies Andrew Carnegie

  7. The Sherman Anti-Trust Act • Attempted to combat “illegal restraint of trade” • Flaws • Didn’t truly become effective until the early 1900s

  8. Social Darwinism • Natural selection • Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner • “Survival of the fittest” as applied to the business world • Laissez-faire Herbert Spencer William Graham Sumner

  9. The Gospel of Wealth • Based on a essay written by Andrew Carnegie • Carnegie believed that acquisition of wealth was beneficial to society • Viewed the rich as “trustees” of money • He wrote that the man who “dies rich, dies disgraced” • Portrayed philanthropy as a moral duty for the wealthy

  10. Horatio Alger • Popular Gilded Age children’s author • Wrote books on how “down and out” boys could achieve the “American Dream” and become wealthy through “pluck and luck” • Social Darwinism

  11. “Trustbusting” • 1898: U.S. Industrial Commission • TR decides aggressively file antitrust actions • TR’s reforms • Taft continues TR’s policies

  12. Early Labor Unions Terence V. Powderly • National Labor Union • Knights of Labor • American Federation of Labor (AFL) Samuel Gompers

  13. Immigration: “Melting Pot” or “Tossed Salad”? • Conflicted American attitudes toward immigration • “Melting pot”: assimilation • “Tossed salad”: multicultural-ism

  14. Imperialism • Imperialism: strong nations extend their influence (economic, political, military) over other territories or nations • Proponents • Anti-Imperialists

  15. Imperialism (continued) • The Philippines • Cuba: Teller and Platt Amendments Senator Orville Platt

  16. The Open Door Policy • Turmoil in China • “Open Door” policy formulated by U.S. Secretary of State John Hay • No nations formally accepted Hay’s proposal, but they didn’t counter the Open Door policy’s provisions either • Boxer Rebellion, second Open Door notes Secretary of State John Hay

  17. The Roosevelt Corollary • Latin American nations had borrowed heavily from European banks • Roosevelt Corollary: addition to the Monroe Doctrine • U.S. as an international police power

  18. Progressivism • What was Progressivism? • Collection of reform movements • “Muckrakers” • Achievements Upton Sinclair Demonstration against child labor

  19. Progressive Political Reforms • “Fighting Bob” LaFollette’s “Wisconsin Idea” • Referendum, initiative, recall Senator Robert “Fighting Bob” LaFollette

  20. Income Tax • Nation’s first income tax had been instituted during Civil War, but was declared unconstitutional • Underwood Tariff Act of 1913 • Sixteenth Amendment

  21. Conservationism • First national park: Yellowstone, 1872 • Theodore Roosevelt: First conservationist president • U.S. Forest Service TR (left) and John Muir (center, with beard)

  22. Wilson’s Fourteen Points • Proposed by President Woodrow Wilson in 1918 • Included his ideas for a peace treaty to end World War I • “League of Nations” • Versailles Treaty

  23. Marcus Garvey and the UNIA Marcus Garvey (far right) • Founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) • Suggested that blacks return to Africa • Forerunner of “Black Separatist” movement of 1960s

  24. Prohibition Al Capone • The “noble experiment”: the 18th Amendment • Underground market for liquor emerges • Rise of “gangsters” and “bootleggers” • Repealed in 1933 with the passage of the 21st Amendment

  25. Henry Ford’s Assembly Line • A “great car for the great multitude” • First assembly line running by 1913 • Assembly line adapted to other industries

  26. Consumer Credit in the 1920s • The “installment plan”—“buy now and pay later” • Credit pitfalls for customers, merchants, manufacturers • 1929 crash

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