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The Renaissance The Rise of the West 1450-1750
"both sides of human consciousness - the side turned to the world and that turned inward - lay, as it were, beneath a common veil, dreaming or half awake. The veil was woven of faith, childlike prejudices, and illusion; seen through it, world and history appeared in strange hues; man recognized himself only as a member of a race, a nation, a party, a corporation, a family, or in some other general category. It was in Italy that this veil first melted into thin air, and awakened an objective perception and treatment of the state and all things of this world in general; but by its side, and with full power, there also arose the subjective; man becomes a self-aware individual and recognizes himself as such.“ • Jacob Burckhardt
Jacob Burckhardt ________________________________________________________ Father of Cultural History He wrote "And all things are sources - not only books, but the whole of life and every kind of spiritual manifestation." The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy In his work, he traced the cultural patterns of transition from the medieval period to the awakening of the modern spirit and creativity of the Renaissance.He saw the transition as one from a society in which people were primarily members of a class or community to a society that idealized the self-conscious individual. The term Renaissance suggesting a re-birth of individualistic accomplishment after a long intermission since the Classical Age.
Burckhardt's Criticism Peter Burke, Renaissance is still more medieval than modern. The Renaissance is not a singular event. The move to the modern world was a series of ‘Renaissances’ Wallace Ferguson, Burckhardt is too narrow in his focus (time and place) - 1300-1600 is a transitional period from Medieval to Modern throughout Europe
H u m a n i s m Literary Movement (search for guidance) Petrarch: The Father of Humanism Artistic Revival mimics Classical Age Civic Humanism(active participation, Republican Government) Social Behaviors new humanist values and education Neo-Platonists Christianity and Humanism seek the same perfection
Masaccio & Donatello
Michelangelo & Raphael
Leonardo Da Vinci The Renaissance Man
Holbein The Ambassadors
Johann Gutenberg Regiomontanus Nicholas of Cusa Behaim Schoner Copernicus Printing Press Astronomy & Trigonometry Philosophy, math & science Explorer & cartographer Cartographer Heliocentric Model Germany -Northern Renaissance: 15th technology & science All Renaissance Men…
Characteristics of Renaissance Art • Influences: Humanism, Classical Ideal vs. Real, Everyday life of the North, Portraiture • Techniques: Depth, Foreshortening (Perspective), Chiaroscuro (shading light/dark) • Genre: Painting, Sculpture, Fresco • Patrons: Bankers (Medici of Florence, Fugger of Germany) the Church, and the Monarchs A window into the greater changes taking place throughout Europe…
Social Behaviors: Status & Wealth The Courtier Castiglione As concept of wealth changed, Humanist education and other social conventions were the outward sign of status Joan Kelly-Gadol Did Women have a Renaissance? Intellect, diplomacy & manners were valued over brute physical force
Civic Humanism But when cities or countries are accustomed to live under a prince, and his family is exterminated, they, being on the one hand accustomed to obey and on the other hand not having the old prince, cannot agree in making one from amongst themselves, and they do not know how to govern themselves. For this reason they are very slow to take up arms, and a prince can gain them to himself and secure them much more easily. But in republics there is more vitality, greater hatred, and more desire for vengeance, which will never permit them to allow the memory of their former liberty to rest; so that the safest way is to destroy them or to reside there. Pico Mirandola, On the Dignity of Man Machiavelli's, The Prince
Machiavellian Approach… The ends justifies the means Here a question arises: whether it is better to be loved than feared, or the reverse. The answer is, of course, that it would be best to be both loved and feared. But since the two rarely come together, anyone compelled to choose will find greater security in being feared than in being loved. . . . Love endures by a bond which men, being scoundrels, may break whenever it serves their advantage to do so; but fear is supported by the dread of pain, which is ever present.
Christian Humanism Northern Based vs. Pagan Humanists of Italy Erasmus: In Praise of Folly Thomas More: Utopia Monks that Call Themselves Religious … And next these come those that commonly call themselves the religious and monks, most false in both titles, when both a great part of them are farthest from religion,… ...but, if they are mistaken, and if there is either a better government, or a religion more acceptable to God, they implore His goodness to let them know it.
The Protestant ReformationThe English Reformation The Catholic Response Challenge to the Catholic religious authority- in doctrine and hierarchy Religion as a justification for or against political power 1517 - 1648
Protest & Reform Martin Luther Of the Holy Roman Empire 95 Theses in response to Tetzl’s sale of indulgences Diet of Worms Augsburg Confession Justification by faith Priesthood of all believers No transubstantiation Peace of Augsburg, 1555 Autonomy (religious/political) for German princes JohnCalvin Geneva (Swiss Canton) Inspired by Luther Predestination Society should be dictated by religious ideology… Rebels or conservatives? Huguenots in France targeted Presbyterian Church
Henry VIII seeks an annulment from Catherine of Spain Anglican Church or Episcopal Church Via Media Act of Supremacy, 1534
German Princes vs Holy Roman Emperor & Pope Calvinist Enthusiasts vs Catholic French Monarch Political Debate German Autonomy French Monarch/Gallican Church English Policy English King vs Papal Authority
Counter or Catholic Reformation • Reforms • Jesuits • Baroque Art & Music • Inquisition
While Western Europe remains predominantly Christian, BY 1648 religion as a separate issue gives way to politics and the Balance of Power throughout Europe
