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Comparative Anatomy Concepts Premises

Phylogeny. Historical relationship between organisms or lineagesAncestry shown by phylogenetic treePhylogenetic Systematics- shows relationships from past to presentShows evolutionary relationships. Figure 2.1 . Major Vertebrate Groups. Figure 2.2. Cladistics. Method for studying phylogenyShows ancestry of derived features.

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Comparative Anatomy Concepts Premises

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    1. Comparative Anatomy Concepts & Premises Note Set 1 Chapters 1 & 2

    2. Phylogeny Historical relationship between organisms or lineages Ancestry shown by phylogenetic tree Phylogenetic Systematics- shows relationships from past to present Shows evolutionary relationships

    3. Major Vertebrate Groups

    4. Cladistics Method for studying phylogeny Shows ancestry of derived features

    5. Convergence- organism response to similar environment Similar structures yet distantly related organisms Ex: limbs of fishes and marine mammals Parallelism- structure similarities in closely related organisms Similar morphology due to parallel evolution Ex: Dog and gray wolf skull

    6. Paedomorphosis Paedomorphosis- Ontogenetic changes where larval features of ancestor becomes morphological features of descendant Juvenile character stage of ancestor is retained

    7. Paedomorphosis (cont.)

    8. Neoteny- delayed rate of somatic development Progenesis- precocious sexual maturation in morphological juvenile Behavioral Paedomorphology- juvenile behavioral stage retained Ex: wolf pup and domestic dog Heterochrony- change in rates of character development during phylogeny Paedomorphosis (cont.)

    9. Generalized- structure with broad function Ex: human hand Specialized- structure with restricted function Ex: single digit hand Modification- change from previous state, may be preadaptive Preadaptation- current trait that will be useful in future Ex: binocular vision and thumb

    10. Amniotes- higher vertebrates with amniotic sac Ex: reptiles, birds, mammals Anamniotes- lower vertebrates without amniotic sac Ex: fish, amphibians Amnion- membrane sac that surrounds embryo Cleidoic egg- amniotic egg with shell Higher vs. Lower Vertebrates

    11. Serial homology- serial repetition of body parts in single organism Ex: Somites

    12. Vestigial

    13. Rudimentary Phylogenetic sense- structure is fully exploited by a descendant Ex: rudimentary lagena in fish (sac of semicircular canals) develops into organ of Corti in mammals Ontogenetic sense- structure is underdeveloped or not fully developed from embryo to adult Ex: Muellerian tract in females develops into reproductive tract; yet in males, duct is rudimentary Ex: Woffian duct in males develops into sperm duct; yet in females, duct is rudimentary

    15. Sea Squirt Free Swimming Larva

    16. Sea Squirt Sessile Adult

    17. Literature Cited Figure 2.1- http://www.erin.utoronto.ca/~w3bio356/lectures/early_amniote.html Figure 2.2- http://courses.lib.odu.edu/biology/kcarpent/less10nte.html Figure 2.3- Kardong, K. Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution. McGraw Hill, 2002. Figure 2.4- http://anthro.palomar.edu/animal/animal_2.htm Figure 2.5- http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/IIIC6dDevochange2.shtml Figure 2.6- Morey, Darcy F. The Early Evolution of the Domestic Dog. American Scientist, Vol. 82, No. 4, p342. Figure 2.7- http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/exhibitions/lifecycle/12.asp Figure 2.8- http://www.edwardtbabinski.us/articles/snake_vestigial_limb.html Figure 2.9- http://anthro.palomar.edu/animal/animal_1.htm Figure 2.10- http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/science/biological_sciences/lab13/biolab13_3.html Figure 2.11- http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/images/agnaths.htm Figure 2.12- http://www8.nos.noaa.gov/coris_glossary/index.aspx?letter=a Figure 2.13- http://www.auburn.edu/academic/classes/zy/0301/Topic3/Topic3.html

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