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Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy

Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy. Hypothesizing Evolutionary Relationships. I. Vertebrate Classification (Review). Kingdom Animalia Common Characteristics: Multicellular; eukaryotic; heterotrophs that ingest their food; lack cell walls; reproduce sexually. Phylum Chordata

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Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy

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  1. Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy Hypothesizing Evolutionary Relationships

  2. I. Vertebrate Classification (Review) • Kingdom Animalia • Common Characteristics: Multicellular; eukaryotic; heterotrophs that ingest their food; lack cell walls; reproduce sexually • Phylum Chordata • Common Characteristics: Notochord, Pharyngeal Gill Slits, Dorsal Nerve Cord • Subphylum Vertebrata • Common Characteristics: Backbone (vertebral column), Endoskeleton, Brain and Skull • Classes: • Chrondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia

  3. II. Evolutionary Relationships A. Organisms are classified using 2 main assumptions: 1. The more similar the genes and physical traits of two species are, the more closely related they are. 2. The similarities were inherited from a common ancestor. B. Predicting Evolutionary Relationships 1. Evolutionary relationships can be predicted using diagrams. Each diagram is a hypothesis of how groups of organisms are related to one another. a. Phylogenetic Trees - Hypothesize evolutionary relationships among organisms and predicts when important traits evolved. b. Cladograms - Hypothesize evolutionary relationships among organisms based on significant physical traits.

  4. Phylogenetic Tree Figure 36-2, Miller-Levine, Biology

  5. Cladograms Family tree that branches systematically at points (nodes) representing specific trait possessed by some groups, but not others.

  6. Evolution of Individuals in the Workplace (Matt Groening, 1985)

  7. III. How To Make a Cladogram More Complex Branch: Name or Type of Organism Derived Traits Organisms branching to right HAVE this trait. Node: Specific trait or traits Organisms branching to left DO NOT have this trait. Primitive Traits Less Complex

  8. Example SPACE SHUTTLE AIRPLANE CAR travels at 17,500 mph BIKE wings SLEIGH engine wheels modes of transportation

  9. Vertebrate Cladogram Dinosaurs? BIRDS MAMMALS Dinosaurs? REPTILES Mammary Glands; Hair 4-Chambered Heart; Endothermy; Up and Down Movement AMPHIBIANS FISH Amnion; Internal Fertilization 4 Limbs; Lungs; Double-Loop Circulatory System; Highly Complex Digestive System Brain Case and Backbone; Endoskeleton; Dorsal Nerve Cord (primitive traits)

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