First Age Of Empires

1. CHAPTER 4: First Age Of Empires 1570 B.C. – 200 B.C. Torrie Bell March 6, 2009 BLK: 3rd ADV. US HISTORY Dr. LineBarger

2. Main Idea: Two Empires along the Nile River, Egypt and Nubian, forged commercial, cultural, and political connections. Egyptian & Nubian Empires • Key Terms: • Hyksos • New Kingdom • Hatshepsut • Thutmose III • Nubia • Ramses II • Kush • Piankhi • Meroe Egyptian Civilization developed along the Nile River and united into a Kingdom around 3100 B.C. A major Kingdom , known as the Nubian Kingdom, arose less than 600 miles south of the Egyptian city, Thebes. For Centuries, Nubia traded with Egypt and influenced each other culturally.

3. The Egyptian and Nubian Empires Extra! Nomadic Invaders Over Egypt Extra! Egypt descended into War and Violence because of weak pharaohs and power struggles among rival nobles. It was because of this, Egypt fell to Invaders. It fell to Asiatic Invaders, called Hyksos, who ruled Egypt from about 1640 to 1570 B.C. Egyptians resented Hyksos, but they had no power to remove them. Opinion: During Hyksos rule, some Historians believe that another Asiatic group, the Hebrews, settled in Egypt. Historians also believe that the Hyksos encouraged the Hebrews to settle there because the two groups were racially similar. FACT: According to the Bible, Abraham and his family first crossed the Euphrates River and came to Canaan around 1800 B.C., then Around 1650B.C., descendants of Abraham moved again- this time to Egypt.

4. Around 1600 B.C., series of warlike rulers began to restore Egypt's power. • QueenAhhotep, took over when her husband was killed • Kamose, won great victory over Hyksos These Pharoahs drove out all the Hyksos. http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories http://wysinger.homestead.com/kamose99.jpg FACT: According to Biblical Scholars, the Hebrews remained In Egypt and were enslaved and were forced into hard labor.

5. After overthrowing the Hyksos, the pharaohs of the New Kingdom, about 1570-1075 B.C., sought to strengthen Egypt by building an empire. New Kingdom of Egypt An Empire brings together Several peoples or states Under the control of one Ruler. NOTE NOTE Egypt entered its third Period of glory during This time, it was wealthier And more powerful than Than ever before. Egyptians became conquerors with bronze weapons and two-wheel chariots. Note: A Dynasty is a Series of rulers from a Single family. Pharaohs of the 18th Dynasty[1570-1365 B.C.,] set up an army including archers, charioteers, and infantry, or foot soldiers.

6. Pharaoh Hatshepsut - Declared herself Pharaoh around 1472 B.C. - She took over because her stepson, the male heir to the throne, was a young child at the time. Hatshepsut spent her reign encouraging trade rather than just waging war. She was an excellent ruler of outstanding achievement who made Egypt more prosperous. Hatshepsut’s stepson, Thutmose III, proved to be more warlike ruler. Historians believe he may have even murdered Hatshepsut. He Led a number of invasions eastward into Palestine and Syria. He died in 1425 B.C. Hatshepsut Pharaoh Thutmose III

7. Ramses II Ramses, 1290 to 1224 B.C., made a peace treaty with the Hittite King that promised “ peace and brotherhood between us forever.’’, which lasted for the rest of the century. He stood out among the great builders of the new Kingdom . The Empire slowly started to decline after 1200 B.C. as other strong civilizations rose to challenge Egypt's power. After Ramses died, waves of invasions came. After the Invasions, Egypt never recovered its previous power, and broke apart into Regional units. Oh No!!

8. For Centuries,Egypt dominated Nubia and the Nubian Kingdom of Kush, which lasted 2000 to 1000 B.C., as Egypt fell into decline, Kush began to emerge as a regional power. With Egypt’s decline in 1200 B.C., Kush regained its independence. In 751 B.C., a Kushite King named Piankhi, overthrew the Libyan Dynasty that had ruled Egypt for 200 years. Piankhi united the entire Nile Valley and his descendants became the 25th Dynasty. Unfortunately, this Dynasty was short lived. In 671 B.C., the Assyrians, a warlike people from southwest Asia, conquered Egypt. Nubia, a region of Africa straddled the upper Nile River. It laid South of Egypt. There were several Nubian Kingdoms, including Kush, which served as a trade corridor. After the defeat, the Kushite family moved south to Meroë. Meroë laid closer to the Red Sea and became active in trade among Africa, and Arabia. It also became a major center for the manufacture of iron weapons and tools. Meroë started to decline in A.D. 150 and another Kingdom, Askum, came in.

9. The Assyrian Empire Main Idea: Assyria developed a military machine and established a well-organized administration. Terms & Names: Assyria Medes Sennacherib Chaldeans Nineveh Nebuchadnezzar Ashurbanipal The Assyrian Army advanced across Southwest Asia for more than 2 centuries. They scared many foes because of their military strength.

10. Assyria- a southwest Asian Kingdom that controlled a large empire from about 850 to 612 B.C. Assyrians came from The northern part of Mesopotamia. Their Flat, exposed land, Made it easy to invade. This is how The Assyrians Developed their warlike Attitude because they were Defeated so many times. Assyria acquired a large empire by having a highly advanced military organization and state of the art weaponry One of the Assyrian Kings Sennacherib bragged that he had destroyed 89 cities and 820 villages, burned Babylon, and ordered most of its inhabitants killed. The Assyrian system of having local governors report to a central authority became the fundamental model of administration, or system of government management The empire expanded between 850 and 650 B.C., the Assyrians ruled lands that extended far beyond the fertile crescent into Anatolia and Egypt. Assyria glorified Military strength. They killed and enslaved their victims.

11. King Ashurbanipal collected more than 20,000 Clay tablets from the Fertile Crescent. Proved To be one of the last mighty Assyrian Kings Assyrian power had spread itself Too thin and their cruelty Had earned them many enemies And after Ashurbanipal’s death Nineveh fell. In 612 B.C., a combined Army of Medes and Chaldean, southwest Asian people who helped to destroy The Assyrian Empire, burned And leveled Nineveh. Nineveh- Assyria’s capital. After Defeating the Assyrians, the Chaldeans made Babylon the center Of their new empire. Interesting Fact Babylon became center of a new empire More than 1,000 years after Hammurabi ruled there.

12. Chaldean King, King Nebuchadnezzar, restored the city . The Most Impressive part of the restoration was the Hanging Gardens. According to legend, one of Nebuchadnezzar's wives missed the flowering shrubs of her mountain homeland. To please her, he had fragrant trees and shrubs that were 75 feet above Babylon’s flat, dry plain. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon (also known as Hanging Gardens of Semiramis) and the walls of Babylon (near present-day Al Hillah in Iraq) are considered one of the original Seven Wonders of the World. They were built by Nebuchadnezzar II around 600 BCE. He is reported to have constructed the gardens to please his wife, Amytis of Media, who longed for the trees and fragrant plants of her homeland. They were destroyed in an earthquake after the 1st century BCE. Through the ages, the location may have been confused with gardens that existed at Nineveh, whose king at the time was Nimrod, since tablets from there clearly show gardens. Writings on these tablets describe the possible use of something similar to an Archimedes' screw as a process of raising the water to the required height. www.history.howstuffworks.com

13. Main Idea: By Governing with Tolerance and wisdom, the Persians established a well-ordered empire that lasted for 200 years. Key Terms: Cyrus Satrap Cambyses Royal Road Darius Zoroaster The Persian Empire The Medes, along with the Chaldeans, helped to overthrow the Assyrian Empire in 612 B.C. The Medes marched to Nineveh from their homeland in the area of present-day northern Iran, while the Medes’ close neighbor to the south, Persia, began to expand its horizons and territorial ambitions

14. Persians based their empire on tolerance and diplomacy. Like Assyrians they relied on a strong military to back up their policies. Before 550 B.C., the world paid very little attention to the Persians, In that year Persia’s King, Cyrus, began to conquer several neighboring kingdoms. Cyrus was a military Genius. He even controlled an empire that expanded 2,000 miles, from the Indus River in the east to Anatolia in the West. Despite His rough military ways, he was indeed a very nice and generous person. Cyrus was killed as he fought Nomadic Invaders on the Eastern border of his empire, which was in 530 B.C. His son Cambyses expanded the Persian empire by conquering Egypt. But instead of following his father’s religion, he scorned the Egyptian religion. He burned the idols of Egyptian religion, and after his eight years of ruling, he died. Cambyses successor, Darius, a noble of the ruling dynasty, had begun his career as a member of the King’s bodyguard. He took the throne 522 B.C., and brought back peace and stability back to the empire into 20 provinces. In each province, Darius gave a governor, called a satrap, who ruled locally, while Darius still had absolute power of all provinces. He also set up the Royal Road, which was an excellent system of roads allowed Darius to communicate quickly with the most distant parts of the empire. It ran from Susa in Persia to Sardis in Anatolia, with the distance of 1677 miles.

15. Zoroaster taught the Earth was a Battleground Where a great struggle Is fought between the Spirit of good and The spirit of evil. Zoroaster- A Persian prophet, who Lived around 600B.C. Zoroaster Zoroastrianism also Helped to influence Judaism, Christianity, And Islam. Zoroastrian religion teaches a belief in One god, Ahura Mazda, and at the end Of time, Ahura Mazda will judge Everyone according to how well he or she Fought the battle for good.

16. The Unification of CHINA Terms and Names: Confucius I Ching Filial Piety Yin & Yang Bureaucracy Qin Dynasty Daoism Shi Huangdi Legalism Autocracy The social confusion of the Warring States contributed to the development of 3 Chinese principled systems. The Zhou Dynasty lasted approximately 1027 to 256 B.C. The Fall of this Dynasty was because of the Warring states period. After this, China moved away from its ancient values .Chinese scholars and philosophers developed different solutions to restore these values. Then arose the Qin Dynasty.

17. Confucius was born in 551 B.C., and lived in a time when the Zhou Dynasty was in decline.www.history4kids.org 3 of Confucius’ five relationships were based on family. He stressed that children should practice filial piety, which is respect for their parents, or elders. • Confucius believed that social order, harmony, and good government could be restored, if society were organized around five basic relationships: • Ruler & Subject • Father & Son • Husband & Wife • Older Brother & Younger Brother • Friend & Friend That Filial Piety meant Devoting oneself to one’s Parents during their lifetimes It also required honoring Their memories After death through rituals. Confucius Says: CONFUCIUS His Students Collected his teachings in a book called the Analects.

18. Laozi was a Chinese thinker who may have lived during the sixth century B.C., He believed that only natural order was important. The Natural Order involving relations among all living things. He also believed that a universal force called the Dao guided all things.[ pg.105] The Philosophy of Laozi came to be known as Daoism. People with little interests in the philosophical debates of the Confucius, Daoists, and Legalists found their answers elsewhere. VOC. Legalism- Is a highly efficient and powerful government. I Ching- Also known as Yi Jing, is a book of oracles to solve ethical or practical problems. www.fengshuistyle.com Yin & Yang- Were two powers that together represented the natural rhythms of life.

19. In third century B.C., The Qin Dynasty replaced the Zhou Dynasty. The first emperors name was Shi Huangdi, he was a cruel man, who established an autocracy, after becoming the first emperor. Autocracy- A government that has unlimited power and uses it in an illogical manner. • The Great Wall of Chinawas built over 2,000 years ago, by Qin Shi Huangdi. In Chinese the wall is called "Wan-Li Qang-Qeng" which means 10,000-Li Long Wall (10,000 Li = about 5,000 km). Armies were stationed along the wall as a first line of defense. Signal fires from the Wall provided early warning of an attack. It is constructed of masonry, rocks and packed-earth.. Its thickness ranged from about 4.5 to 9 meters (15 to 30 feet) and was up to 7.5 meters (25 feet) tall. http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/greatwall/Allabout.html The Qin Dynasty only lasted a short time. Peasants rebelled after Shi Huangdi’s son took the throne and by 202 B.C., Qin became the Han Dynasty, which was the longest dynasty in Chinese history.

20. Well Just a Few Little Questions,, Then it will be over! Section 1: How Did The New Kingdom of Egypt become so Powerful and Wealthy? Section 2: Why Did the Assyrians develop into a great military power? Why did their Power Decline? Section 3: What did the Persians base their empire on? And What did Zoroaster Teach? Section 4: What Did Confucius Believe? And What were The Five Basic Relationships? Done By: Torrie Bell