Intellectual Revolutions: Scientific Breakthroughs & Enlightenment Ideals

1. AP European History:The Western Heritage Since 1300, 11th Edition Chapter 6: #202-235 New Directions in Thought and Culture in the 16th & 17th Centuries Chapter 9: #311-352 The Age of Enlightenment: 18th Century Thought

2. Learning Objectives Chapter 6: Learning Objectives: 1. What was the scientific revolution" 2. What impact did the new science have on philosophy? 3. What was the social and political context for scientific inquiry in the 17th century? 4. What role did women play in the scientific revolution? 5. What efforts were made to reconcile the new science and religion? 6. What explains the witch hunts and panics of the 16th and 17th centuries? 7. How did baroque art serve both religious and secular ends? Chapter 9: Learning Objectives: 1. What was the intellectual and social background of the Enlightenment? 2. Who were the philosophes? 3. How did the philosophes challenge traditional religious ideas and institutions? 4. How did the philosophes apply Enlightenment ideas to social and economic problems? 5. How did the philosophes apply Enlightenment ideas to political issues? 6. What role did women play in the Enlightenment? 7. How did Rococo and Neoclassicm styles reflect and contribute to the prevailing trends of the age? 8. What was Enlightened absolutism?

3. Chapter Outline Chapter 9: I. Formative influences on the Enlightenment II. The Philosophes III. The Enlightenment and religion IV. The Enlightenment and society V. Political thought of the Philosophes VI. Women in the thought and practice of the Enlightenment VII. Rococo and Neo-classical styles in 18th century art VII. Enlightened absolutism VIII. In Perspective Chapter Six: I. Scientific Revolution II. Philosophy Responds to Changing Science III. New Institutions of Expanding Natural Science IV. Women in the World of the Scientific Revolution V. New Science and Religious Faith VI. Continuing Superstition VII. Baroque Art VIII. In Perspective

4. Vocabulary Chapter 9: Chapter 6: Deism(319) Laissez-faire(327) Neo-classicism(336) Philosophes(315) Physiocrats(325) Rococo(336) Baroque(232) Empiricism(208) Enlightenment(218) Ptolemaic systems(204) Scientific revolution(203)

5. Review Questions: Chapter 6 The Scientific Revolution: 1. What did Copernicus, Brahe, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton each contribute to the scientific revolution? Which do you think make the most important contributions and why? What did Francis Bacon contribute to the foundation of scientific thought? 2. How would you define the term scientific revolution? In what ways was it truly revolutionary? Which is more enduring, a political revolution or an intellectual one? Philosophy Responds to Changing Science: 3. What were the differences between the political philosophies of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke? How did each view human nature? Would you rather live under a government designed by Hobbes or Locke? Why? Women in the World of the Scientific Revolution: 4. Why were women unable to participate fully in the new science? How did family relationships help some women become involved in the advance of natural philosophy? The New Science and Religious Faith: 5. Why did the Catholic Church condemn Galileo? How did Pascal seek to reconcile faith and reason? How did English natural theology support economic expansion? Continuing Superstition: 6. How do you explain the phenomena of witchcraft and witch hunts in an age of scientific enlightenment? Why did the witch panics occur in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries? How might the Reformation have contributed to them?

6. Review Questions: Chapter 9 Formative Influences on the Enlightenment: 1. How did the Enlightenment change basic Western attitudes toward reform, faith, and reason? What were the major formative influences on the philosophes? How important were Voltaire and the Encyclopedia in the success of the Enlightenment? The Enlightenment and Religion: 2. Why did some philosophes consider organized religion to be their greatest enemy? What were the basic tenets of deism? How did Jewish writers contribute to Enlightenment thinking about religion? What are the similarities and differences between the Enlightenment evaluation of Islam and its evaluations of Christianity and Judaism? Women in the Thought and Practice of the Enlightenment: 3. What were the attitudes of the philosophestoward women? What was Rousseau’s view of women? What were the separate spheres he imagined men and women occupying? What were Mary Wollstonecraft’s criticisms of Rousseau’s view? Political Thought of the Philosophes: 4. How did the views of the mercantilists about the earth’s resources differ from those of Adam Smith in his book The Wealth of Nations? Why might Smith be regarded as an advocate of the consumer? How did his theory of history work to the detriment of less economically advanced non-European peoples? How did some Enlightenment writers criticize European empires? 5. How did the political views of Montesquieu differ from those of Rousseau? Was Montesquieu’s view of England accurate? Was Rousseau a child of the Enlightenment or its enemy? Which did Rousseau value more, the individual or society? Enlightened Absolutism: 6. Were the enlightened monarchs true believers in the ideals of the philosophes, or was their enlightenment a mere veneer? Was their power really absolute? What motivated their reforms? What does the partition of Poland indicate about the spirit of enlightened absolutism?

7. Review Questions: Chapter 9 Political Thought of the Philosophes: 4. How did the views of the mercantilists about the earth’s resources differ from those of Adam Smith in his book The Wealth of Nations? Why might Smith be regarded as an advocate of the consumer? How did his theory of history work to the detriment of less economically advanced non-European peoples? How did some Enlightenment writers criticize European empires? 5. How did the political views of Montesquieu differ from those of Rousseau? Was Montesquieu’s view of England accurate? Was Rousseau a child of the Enlightenment or its enemy? Which did Rousseau value more, the individual or society? Enlightened Absolutism: 6. Were the enlightened monarchs true believers in the ideals of the philosophes, or was their enlightenment a mere veneer? Was their power really absolute? What motivated their reforms? What does the partition of Poland indicate about the spirit of enlightened absolutism?

8. Scientific Revolution Sparks the Enlightenment • a deep commitment to reason, • a trust in the emerging modern sciences to solve problems and provide control over nature, • a commitment to the idea of progress in material wealth and in human civility, • a belief in the essential goodness of human nature, • an emphasis upon the individual as master of his fate and fortune, and • an engagement with the public sphere of discussion and action. Sir Isaac Newton

9. Scientific Revolution • Scientific Revolution: a. only the west developed modern science 2. Previous ideas of universe based on: a. Aristotelianmedieval idea b. motionless Earth fixed at the center at the center of the universe c. around the Earth moved ten crystal spheres, and beyond the spheres was heaven d. Aristotle’s views suited Christianity because it positioned human beings at the center of universe e. Established a home for God f. Science a branch of theology

10. Scientific Revolution 3. Copernican Hypothesis: a. Copernicus, Polish clergyman/astronomer, claimed Earth revolved around the sun & sun center of universe b. heliocentric theory departure from medieval thought & created doubts regarding Christian infallability 4. Brahe to Galileo a. Brahe(Dutch) built observatory used telescope b. Kepler, assistant, formulated laws of planetary motion proving precise relationship among planets in a sun-centered universe 5. Galileo discovered laws of motion using “experimental method”

11. Scientific Revolution 6. Newton’s Synthesis: a. Principia (1687), Newton integrated astronomy of Copernicus/Kepler with physics of Galileo b. formulated mathematical laws to explain motion/mechanics c. key feature in synthesis was law of universal gravitation 7. Henceforth-universe could be explained through mathematics 8. Causes of scientific revolution: a. S.R. product of individual genius b. medieval universities provided framework for new science c. Renaissance stimulated new science d. navigational problems of sea voyages generated scientific research/new instruments e. Better ways of obtaining Knowledge about the World improved scientific Methodology f. Bacon advocated empirical, Experimental research g. Descartes stressed Mathematics/deductive Reasoning h. Modern scientific method Based on synthesis of Bacon’s Inductive experimentalism/ Descarte’s deductive Mathematical rationalism

12. The Enlightenment • Intellectual/ cultural movement that tied together certain key ideas & was link between S.R. & new worldview. • Ideas included: a. natural science & reasons could explain all aspects of life b. scientific method could explain laws of human society c. progress-creation of better societies & better people 3. Enlightenment: a. Fontenelle stressed idea of progress b. cynical about organized religion/absolute religious truth 4. Bayle felt nothing could be concluded beyond all doubt 5. Growth of world beyond Europe led many to view world/morality in relative, not absolute terms 6. Essay Concerning Human Understanding-Locke insisted all ideas derived from experience; at birth one is a clean slate

13. “Is Man Good or Bad”? John Locke • Locke thought people were moral at heart • entitled to certain natural rights • governments were obliged to protect basic rights Thomas Hobbes • Hobbes thought people needed strict control to rein in their naturally brutish tendencies. vs

14. The Enlightenment 7. Philosophes & the Public: a. brought ideas to ignorant people & ideas to highest stage of development in France b. French language international language of educated classes of Europe, France also Europe’s wealthiest state c. intellectual freedom possible in France d. philosophes committed to bringing new thinking to public, but not necessarily the masses e. used satire to criticize those they opposed in plays, pamphlets, books, novels f. Montesquieu theory of separation of powers extremely influential g. Voltaire challenged traditional Catholic theology and believed in distant God who led human affairs take their own course

15. How were the ideas of the Phylosophes spread? .

16. The Enlightenment h. Voltaire opposed legal injustice & unequal treatment before the law; skeptical of social/economic equality; hated religious intolerance i. Diderot & d’Alembert edited Encyclopedia, which examined all human affairs, sought to spread information j. Later Enlightenment writers argued that: 1. D’Holbach argued that all humans were controlled by outside forces 2. Hume argued that mind nothing but bundle of impressions that originate in sense of experiences 3. Rousseau attacked rationalism & civilization; felt children should develop naturally/ spontaneously in Social Contract 4. Buyers of books came from middle class, clergy, aristocracy 5. Introduction of undergound pornography caused concern amongst the clergy 6. Ideas regarding women’s rights spread via salons(parties) hosted by women a. Madame Geoffrin’s salon parties famous across Paris/ Europe

17. The Salons of Paris Welcomed all… • In aristocratic circles, Society was still mainly concerned about appearances. • The elaborate parties codified etiquette. • Wit became most important. • Guests competed to say the most erudite and witty comment. • If they said something “wrong” they were openly ridiculed!

18. The Salons of Paris Welcomed all… • The salons were legendary… • intelligent women provided a setting for the philosophes to meet and discuss the challenges of the day.

19. The City of Paris was the center of the Age of Enlightenment • People met in Salons, usually the private homes of people throughout Paris • Women assumed the role of hostess to these parties as they welcomed those made famous by the various philosophes as well as the aristocracy from across Europe • Tell about the points of interest in your country that people from other countries may be interested in visiting.

20. The Salons of Paris Welcomed all… • They met on certain days of the week and discussed a variety of subjects. • In the salons, talent and creativity counted more than noble lineage

21. French philosophers who wrote about government, law, and society were known as the philosophes • Baron de Montesquieu believed in employing three branches of government that could balance each other’s power • Jean-Jacques Rousseau thought people were basically good and should be much freer from governmental controls • Voltaire fought the slave trade and religious prejudice with his witty writings. • Denis Diderot collected Enlightenment articles in an Encyclopedia that helped to spread ideas throughout Europe and the Americas

22. The Spread of information Across Europe • The goal of the Encyclopedia was to make available all the current up-to-date technological, cultural, and philosophical knowledge of the day • Bibles were translated from Latin into German, English, and other languages, so that people became free to interpret the word of God by themselves

23. New Economic Thinking Law of Supply and Demand

24. Enlightenment Ideas About Govt • Tell about the important customs and traditions celebrated in your country. Include information about who celebrates and when they celebrate.

25. A new ConstitutionDirect Enlightened Influences Locke • People have certain natural rights, including life, liberty, and ownership of property • Govt. can be justified by protecting human rights better than an individual • If Govt. does not do a good job of protecting rights of citizens then citizens have right to find new rulers Montesquieu • Political freedom should be advanced by separating powers into legislative, executive, and judicial branches of Govt. • Each branch of Govt. should be able to check the power of the other branches Rousseau • People are naturally good, but are corrupted by society • Controls on people are important, but should be minimal • The good of the community should be placed above individual interests