Western Civilization I HIS-101

1. Western Civilization IHIS-101 Unit 9 – High Middle Ages, 1000-1300 (Economy and Politics)

2. Introduction • Europe in 1000 • Byzantine and Islamic civilizations flourished • Western Europe was weakened by Viking, Hungarian, and Muslim attacks • By 1300: • Europe is the dominant military, economic and political power • A Catholic European world • Expansion of European commerce • Urbanization • Economic Growth • More powerful governments • Social Stratification

3. Peasants harvesting grain (c. 1340)

4. Medieval Agricultural Revolution • Transformation occurred between 700 and 1300 • Period of technological innovation • Improved climate • “Medieval Warm Period” (c. 950-1250) • Temperatures were on average 1˚C warmer than currently • New crop rotation system • 3 field crop rotation system increased crop yields per acre • Technological advances • Development of the heavy plow • Horses became more commonly used as work animals • Horseshoes (c. 900) • Tandem harnessing (c. 1050)

5. Medieval Agricultural Revolution • Mills • Important in food processing • After 1050, a craze for building water mills in northern European took place • Windmills introduced in the 1170s • Used not only for food but to provide power to forges and crushing pulp for paper • Results • Growing confidence of entrepreneurial peasants and lords • Investing in new technologies could lead to a greater profit • Increased European population • Efficient market for goods

6. Early 14th century watermill

7. Manorialism • Prior to the 9th century, peasants lived on individual plots of land • They would farm what they needed and paid rent to a landlord • The development of the manor • Occurred mainly in England, northern Europe, and western Germany after 9th century • Consolidation of individual peasant holdings into large, common fields for one village • More cost effective this way • Peasants were dominated by the lords

8. Manorialism • The lord of the manor • Dominant role in the village • Claimed largest share of peasant’s production • Strip farming • Strips of land would be divvied out to individual peasants to farm • Peasants would pay rent but keep any profits • The demense • Usually 1/3 to 1/2 of the common land kept by the lord for his own private use • To form this land, greater labor services were imposed on the peasants • Turn free peasants into serfs

9. Manorialism • The peasants • Similar to slaves • Tied to the land • Worked without pay • Status was heritable • Unlike slaves • Their obligations were fixed by custom • Limits of manorialism • Manorialism never predominant across Europe at any one time • Mostly limited to England and parts of France and Germany • Starts to breakdown in the 13th century • Lords collect revenue in cash, avoiding the risks of the market • Distinction between serf and free peasant slowly dissolves

10. Middle East • (c. 1025)

11. Byzantium • During the 9th and 10th centuries, the power of the Abbasid caliphate went into a decline • However, they were still a threat to the Byzantine state • Another threat came from the north in the form of the Viking (Rus) invaders • They had strong trade connections with the Abbasids • Byzantine Revival • St. Cyril and St. Methodius convert Balkan Slavs to Orthodox Christianity • A new written language • Old Church Slavonic (Cyrillic alphabet) • Annexation of Greece, Bulgaria, and Serbia

12. Byzantium • Byzantium was also involved in a number of key conquests • Eastern conquests against the Abbasids in the 930s and 970s • Military and commercial alliance with the western Russia • There were still a number of key threats to Byzantium • Venice, Pisa and Genoa emerge as dominant traders in the eastern Mediterranean • Growing power of Fatimid Egypt • The biggest threat was from the Seljuk Turks • A Sunni Muslim group that moved into Anatolia • Defeated imperial forces at the Battle of Mazikert in 1071 • The Turks were now threatening the existence of Byzantium

13. A crusading knight • (c. 1250)

14. The First Crusade • In 1095, Emperor Alexius Comnenus appealed to Pope Urban II for troops to repel the Turks • Hoped to use heavily armed western knights to attack the light armored Turks • Pope Urban's appeal • Bring the Orthodox Church into communion with the papacy • Embarrass the German emperor, Henry IV • Urban had been feuding with Henry for over 20 years • Achieving peace at home • Tens of thousands of fighters would leave Europe for the Middle East • Goal of freeing Jerusalem from Muslim control

15. The First Crusade • By the end of 1095 the call for the First Crusade is made • 100,000 men, women and children answer the call to march to Constantinople • From there they would move on to Jerusalem • Why did people join the Crusade? • Win new lands • Prospect of adventure • Religious • They believed they were on a mission from God • Pilgrimage • Plenary indulgences • Freed from punishment in purgatory

16. The First Crusade • First Crusade (1096-1099) • As the Crusaders moved east, they attacked Jewish communities throughout the Holy Roman Empire • Christian theology believed that the Jews were responsible for Jesus’ death • Those who were not killed were forcibly baptized • Once the Crusaders got to Constantinople, more problems occurred • Byzantium was seen as an obstacle to recovery of Jerusalem for Christianity • Some questioned the loyalty of Alexius as he had made trade deals with Muslims

17. The First Crusade • The Crusaders were successful at reconquering the Holy Land • This was mainly due to the internal fighting amongst the various Muslim groups • In 1098, they captured Antioch and most of Syria • In 1099, they took Jerusalem, slaughtering its inhabitants • Included Muslims, Jews, and Christians • Genoa and Pisa benefitted by the defeat of the Muslims • Were able to expand their trade routes into the Red Sea and to Egypt • Furthered the decline of Byzantine commerce

18. The First Crusade • The problem with the First Crusade was that many Crusaders did not want to stay in the Holy Land • Most wanted to return home • This left an under populated strip of colonies along the eastern Mediterranean coastline • For the Muslims, the loss of Jerusalem was a religious affront • Was not economic because the Crusaders did not want to interfere in already established trade routes • The religious motivation was enough to help them recapture Syria in 1144 under the leadership of Saladin

19. Richard the Lionhearted • King of England • (1189-1199)

20. Other Crusades • Second Crusade (1145-1149) • Called after Syrian principalities were recaptured by the Muslims • Christian warriors suffered crushing defeats • Muslim leader Saladin recaptures Jerusalem (1187) • The Third Crusade (1189-1192) • Participants included • Frederick Barbarossa of Germany • Philip Augustus of France • Richard the Lionhearted of England • Another failed campaign

21. Other Crusades • In 1198, Pope Innocent III is elected • His main goal is to retake Jerusalem • The Fourth Crusade (1202-1204) • Summoned by Innocent III • A disaster for the Crusading armies • Civil war in Germany • War between England and France • Depleted ranks of crusading armies • In 1204, Constantinople was sacked by the Crusaders • In 1229, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II negotiated with the Egyptian sultan to return Jerusalem to Christian control for ten years

22. Routes of the Crusaders (1096-1204)

23. Consequences of the Crusades • Disaster for Byzantium • Modest effect on the Islamic world • Trade between Islam and the west continued • The West learned new technologies of fortification • The Muslims learned about siege warfare • The crystallization of Christian and Islamic doctrines of the holy war against the infidel • Greatest gains went to the republics of Venice and Genoa

24. Europe • (c. 1000)

25. Emergence of European Monarchies • Feudalism defined • A political system in which public powers are exercised by private lords • First took shape in 10th an 11th century France • Justified a hierarchical legal and political order • Personal relationships of service in return for land-holding • Components: • Fief - A contract in which something of value was exchanged for service • Vassal – A recipient of a fief • Homage - A solemn act in which a vassal becomes “the man” of his lord

26. Emergence of European Monarchies • The problem of feudalism: • A highly decentralized political system • The political organization of Europe had been strained • Due to the disintegration of the Carolingian kingdom in the 9th and 10th centuries • Nobles were dominant throughout the 11th and 12thcenturies • Role of the kings • Kings began extending their power • Limited due to feudal obligations to his vassals • Did have divine authority • Used war and marriage to increase their power • Use land grants to bind nobles to them

27. Death of Harold II (Bayeux Tapestry c. 1077)

28. England in High Middle Ages • The last Anglo-Saxon king was Harold II (1066) • William the Conqueror (1066-1087) • Rewarded his Norman followers with grants of English land • 1/5 land was held in royal domain • Rest went to nobles or the church • All landowners owed loyalty to the king • “Centralized feudalism” • Represented a fusion of Carolingian public power with new feudal structures of power and landholding • Was also a vassal to the king of France • Kept English kings involved in continental affairs

29. Feudal Monarchy in England • “The rise of administrative kingship” • Kings “tightened up” the feudal system • Changed it to work in their advantage • Henry I (1068-1135) • Created the clerks of the Exchequer • Designed to make the finances more efficient • Strengthened local administration • Traveling circuit judges • Stephen (1135-1154) • Usurped power from Henry’s designated heir, Maude • Led to bloody civil war (The Anarchy)

30. Feudal Monarchy in England • Henry II (1133-1189) • Founder of the Plantagenet dynasty • Already the ruler of Normandy, Anjou, Maine, and Aquitaine • Developed strong administrative and legal institutions • Royal treasury • Expanded the judicial system • Orders juries of local men to report under oath every violation of the laws • Origin of the grand jury • Common law • Laws affected the whole country were developed to replace feudal laws

31. Feudal Monarchy in England • Henry also attempted to reform the church courts • Wanted to be able to punish clergy in royal courts • Constitutions of Clarendon (1164) • Clerics convicted of serious crimes to be handed over to royal court for sentencing • Thomas Beckett, Archbishop of Canterbury, protested • Was killed under order of the king (“who will free me of this priest?”) • Caused huge outrage • Henry forced to surrender several of his claims • Included the right to sentence criminal clerics and the right to appeal a church court’s decision

32. Feudal Monarchy in England • Richard the “Lionhearted” (1189-1199) • Continued to make the royal government more efficient • Hired capable administrators and reworked finances • Spent only six months in England • John (1199-1216) • Less capable military leader • Lost nearly all lands in France • Devoted his reign to raising money to regain French lands • Pressed feudal rights to their limit • Fines the nobility • Heavy taxation on the county • Failed military expedition to France (1214)

33. Feudal Monarchy in England • The magnates rebelled against John • Were tired of his oppressive policies and taxation • Magna Carta (1215) • Designed to limit government in regards to the vassals • The king must respect the traditional rights of his vassals • Taxation could not be raised by the crown without the consent of the barons • Edward I (1272-1307) • Began the process of uniting all of Britain into a single kingdom • Failed to subdue Scotland

34. Feudal Monarchy in England • Development of Parliament • Great Council started as a meeting of the barons, church officials, and king’s advisers to deal with judicial affairs • In 1295, Edward invited representatives from each city and town to meet with the Great Council • Purpose was for them to give consent to new taxes • Became the first Parliament • Barons and church lords formed the House of Lords • Knights and burgesses formed the House of Commons • Became a political, legal, and financial entity

35. Map of England and France • (1180-1223)

36. Feudal Monarchy in France • Slow government centralization • Faced greater problems • Carolingian institutions had collapsed • Replaced with the Capetian dynasty (987-1328) • Founded by Hugh Capet • No succession issues and kings were long-lived • The “re-invention” of the French kingdom • Slowly the monarchs began to assert their authority • Louis VI “the Fat” (1078-1137) • Able to regain royal control over the Île-de-France from the nobility (“robber barons”) • Showed that the king was “no vassal of any man”

37. Feudal Monarchy in France • Louis VII (1137-1180) • Continued to exert the king’s power over French holdings • Was involved in constant war with Henry II of England • Philip II Augustus (1180-1223) • Believed that his power would never be extended until the Plantagenets were defeated • Undermined John's control over French territories • John refused to submit to pressure • A war of conquest • Philip retained French territories • Quadrupled the income of the monarchy and greatly enlarged its power with these conquests

38. Feudal Monarchy in France • Philip also set up an effective system of local administration • Superimposed new royal officials (baillis) over local government practice • The baillis had full judicial, administrative and military authority • Louis IX (1226-1270) • Extended administrative pattern further • Established a new permanent royal court of justice in Paris • Contained a regular staff of professional jurists • Court became known as the Parlement of Paris • In 1297, he is canonized as Saint Louis

39. Feudal Monarchy in France • Philip IV “the Fair” (1285-1314) • Aggressive wars against Flanders and English territories in the southwest • Development of royal bureaucracy • Made three major branches of royal administration • Sough to undermine papal control over the church in France • The Estates General • Summoned member of the three estates (church, nobility, and towns) • Would make new laws and grant taxes • By end of the 13th century, France was the largest, wealthiest, and best-governed monarchical state

40. Edward I of England granting homage to Philip IV of France

41. Comparing England and France • England • Much better unified • One language • Administration built on local institutions • Local knights complete administrative work without pay • Appealed to formal consent from assemblies • France • A rich and larger country • Relied less on direct consent of the people • Faced with regional separatism

42. Holy Roman Empire • (c. 1200)

43. Germany • Strongest monarchy in Europe in 1050 • Powerful Carolingian style foundations • Close alliance with the Church • Tradition of sacral kingship • Decline of the monarchy occurred with the death of Henry III in 1056 • He left his six year old son, Henry IV (1056-1106), as heir • Conflict erupted between the regents and papal reformers that had been put in place during Henry III’s reign • There were also conflicts between the regents and the Saxon nobility • Civil war ensued in 1073

44. Germany • From 1073-1075, Henry had to work with the pope Gregory VII • His position was being threatened by the Saxon nobility • Both Henry and Gregory treated each other with deference • Gregory had hoped to create a strong working relationship with Henry as long as the latter remained submissive to his wishes • In 1075, Gregory issued a number of papal decrees against “lay investiture” • This was the appointment of high church officials bishops by feudal lords and kings • Henry was not happy about this as it challenged the heart of his administration

45. Germany • When Henry refused to cooperate, Gregory aligned with the Saxon nobility • This reignited the civil war • Gregory responds by not only excommunicating Henry but also declaring that he is no longer king of Germany • He called upon Henry’s subjects to rebel • Begging forgiveness (January 1077) • Henry knew he was in jeopardy • Travelled to northern Italy to meet the pope at Canossa • Henry was forced to wait for three days for an audience • Gregory did grant resolution to Henry but it did not end the problems

46. Germany • Henry V (1106-1125) • Continued war with the nobility and the pope • Concordat of Worms (1122) • Managed to come to an agreement with the pope • Renounced investiture • Meant that the pope now chose church officials, not the king • By this point the nobility had gained even more independence • Died in 1125 without an heir • Election of German monarchy • The nobility decided to elect the monarch from this point on • Pope would crown the emperor showing that he had a say in the election as well

47. Frederick I Barbarossa (1152-1190)

48. Frederick Barbarossa (1152-1190) • Powerful lord from the house of Hohenstaufen • Gave the name “Holy Roman Empire” • A universal empire blessed by God • Wanted to create an empire with Italy • Italy would be a source of major revenues for the emperor • Tried to rule in cooperation with German princes • Attempted attacks on northern Italy • Fought against an alliance of northern states known as the Lombard League • League was able to secure aid from the pope • Frederick was unable to secure any territory

49. Frederick Barbarossa (1152-1190) • Set up an arrangement with the Lombard League • They would become part of the Empire but remain autonomous • In return, they would make annual payments to the emperor • Arranged a marriage between his son, Henry VI, and the sister of the Norman king of Sicily • Died during the Third Crusade in 1190 • Drowned crossing a river as he was approaching Antioch • Henry VI (1190-1197) • Reign was unremarkable • Was a threat to the pope as he inherited the Kingdom of Sicily

50. Death of Frederick I