Background:

1. Sexual coercion in a territorial salamander: Females punish socially polygynous male partnersby Ethan D. Prosen, Robert Jaeger, & Danielle Lee Background: Sexual intimidation is when one sex aggressively punishes the other sex that refuse to mate with them or who merely associate with members of the opposite sex. Males are typically the ones to use punishment to coerce females into social monogamy. • Hypothesis 1: • Female red-backed salamanders will be aggressive towards polygynous male partners because of following conditions • Some members engaging in social monogamy and sharing territories during the noncourtship season. • Females food, yolking ova, is limited in her territory. • Females are aggressive towards territorial intruding females. • Sexes are not significantly different in size. • Hypothesis 2: • Females will not be significantly more aggressive towards socially polygynous male strangers than towards socially naïve male strangers. Female red-back punishing a male red-back Plethodon cinereus, the red-backed salamander, inhabit the leaf litter of the forest floor across eastern North America. They have a complex social system; they use displays and pheromones to communicate and gather information. Individual’s of both sexes are territorial and their courtship is in the autumn and the spring. Some salamanders are monogamous, while others are polygynous. • Results: • Autumn Courtship Season: Partners SPP vs. SMP • With SPP, Females spent • more time in ATR posture • less time touching • nose-tapped the substrate • bit partner more often • Autumn Courtship Season: Strangers SPS vs. SMS • Females spent more time in ATR posture in response to SPS • relative to SNS but was not significant. • Females showed no other significant behavioral differences. • Spring Courtship Season: Partners SPP vs. SMP • Females showed no significant differences in any of the • behavioral responses recorded • Spring Courtship Season: Strangers SPS vs. SMS • There were no significant differences in female responses. • Materials and Methods: • Salamanders were collected near Mountain lake Biological Station in Virginia. Two identical sets of experiments were performed; one with the fall season salamanders and one with the spring season salamanders. • In each experiment: • Treatment 1: Socially polygynous male partner (SPP) • A male partner was placed in a single fem ales • territory for 6 days and then placed back with his • female partner. • Treatment 2: Socially monogamous male partner (SMP) • A male partner was placed alone for 6 days and then • placed back with his female partner. • Treatment 3: Socially naïve male stranger (SNS) • A socially naïve male stranger was placed with a • single female. • Treatment 4: Socially polygynous male stranger (SPS) • A socially polygynous male stranger was placed with • a single female. • Behavioral Patterns Recorded: • Seconds spent in all-trunk-raised threat posture • Touching the other salamander • Number of bites and the number of nose taps • Statistical Analyses • Used a two-tailed Mann-Whitney U Tests to compare the • behavioral patterns between treatments 1 and 2, and • separately between treatments 3 and 4. • Discussion: • In Autumn • paired Females were significantly more threatening and • directed more bites towards SPP relative to SMP. • In Spring • Females didn’t distinguish between SPP and SMP. • Females didn’t punish SPP. • Females priorities changed: preoccupied with locating suitable • nesting sites • Data supports the hypothesis that females do punish SPP, at least early in the courtship period. Paired females punished SPP males more than single females. • Female Benefits: • Female aggression may help in gathering resources necessary • for reproduction. • Polygynous males may return with another female and allow • her to forage in his territory, which could directly impact the • residential female’s reproductive success.