Road to the Civil War

1. Road to the Civil War Ms. Ramos Alta Loma High School

2. Can the North & the South Discuss the Status of the West without Insulting Each Other?

4. Southern Pro-SlaveryPropaganda

5. The Antebellum South “Cotton Is King!” * 1860--> 5 million bales a year (57% of total US exports)

6. Changes in Cotton Production 1820 1860

7. Slave-Owning Families (1850)

8. Southern Slavery--> An Aberration? • 1780s: 1st antislavery society created in Phila. • By 1804: slavery eliminated from last northern state • 1808: the legal termination of the slave trade • 1820s: newly independent Republics of Central & South America declared their slaves free • 1833: slavery abolished throughout the British Empire • 1844: slavery abolished in the French colonies • 1861: the serfs of Russia were emancipated

9. “You bog-trotters, come along with those bricks” “Bring up the mortar you white rascals” “White man, hurry up with those bricks!!!”

10. Sectional Balance 1850 • S worries: • Equal free & slave • CA, NM, UT • N demands to abolish slavery in DC • Runaway slaves

11. What events/problems grew sectional conflict leading to the Civil War?

12. What impact did Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin have on the North? • It greatly strengthened northern antislavery feeling

13. What escalated the conflict of slavery in Kansas? • Anti & pro slavery inhabitants in the territory

14. As presented to Congress, the Lecompton Constitution provided for • the admission of Kansas as a slave state.

15. The Sumner-Brooks affair revealed • that violent disagreements about slavery were being felt in the halls of Congress.

16. Within two months of Lincoln’s election • seven southern states had seceded and formed the Confederate States of America.

17. Who was the first state to succeed? • South Carolina

19. FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW • ABOLITIONISTS RESPOND: • Denounced • Refuse to enforce • Underground Railroad becomes more active

20. FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW RESPONSE BY ABOLITIONISTS “3 millions of the American people are crushed under the American Union! The government gives them no protection– the government is their enemy, the government keeps them in chains! The Union which grinds them to the dust rests upon us, and with them we will struggle to overthrow it! The Constitution which subjects them to hopeless bondage is one that we cannot swear to support. Our motto is, ‘No Union with Slaveholders’….We separate from them, to clear our skirts of innocent blood….and to hasten the downfall of slavery in America, and throughout the world!” William Lloyd Garrison

21. FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW SOUTHERNERS RESPOND: • Threatened secession and war • Enforce b/c the Constitution protects property and federal law supremacy

22. Fugitive Slaves • Harriet Tubman • Ableman v. Booth (1859) • SC upheld Fugitive Slave Law • Personal liberty laws

23. KANSAS AND NEBRASKA ACT 1854 • Plan: that Kansas and Nebraska open/pop sov in return for building the railroad in the North • Concerns over power in Congress because it is above 36’30!!! • Pushes for repeal of Missouri Compromise and replaces it with “popular sovereignty” • Irony: Douglas thought this solution would put the slavery question to rest; it only exacerbates it!!!

24. Map Bleeding Kan BLEEDING KANSAS • acts of violence between north/south • First battles of the Civil War begin in Kansas in 1856 • Over 200 killed (Led by John Brown) Attacks by free-states Attacks by pro-slavery states

25. BLEEDING KANSAS Pro-slavery and antislavery supporters rushed to settle in Kansas. The territory was torn by battles and massacres. The issue also bitterly divided the nation and led to the formation of the Republican Party. The first shots of the Civil War were in Bleeding Kansas.

26. The Lecompton Constitution Proslavery const by southern leg Did NOT have majority support President Buchanan wants to ram it through Congress- fails

27. Formation of the Republican Party Know-Nothing Party Opposed to influx of Irish, German immigrants in cities (nativist, racist platform) Republican Party’s Platform: Keep slavery out of the West

28. Free Soil Party against the expansion of slavery Formed to stop the expansion of slavery REPUBLICAN PARTY Democrats opposed the expansion of slavery Abolitionists National Republican which become the Whigs. Know Nothing Party against immigration

29. John C. Calhoun’s Position on the Slave Issue Not a proponent of “popular sovereignty” Acknowledged Congress could restrict slavery in territories; but had no jurisdiction in the internal affairs of already existing states Dismissed idea that 5th amendment protected one type of property but not another type of property “Southerners is just as good as any other property owner!”

30. JOHN BROWN • Violent abolitionist • Murdered 5 pro-slavery men in Kansas • Wanted to lead a slave revolt and destroying the South • Attacked a U.S. Ammunition depot in Harper’s Ferry, Virginia in October 1859 to capture weapons and begin his slave revolt

31. JOHN BROWN • Unsuccessful and captured by USMC under the leadership of Robert E. Lee • Put on trial for treason

32. John Brown Hanging JOHN BROWN • Guilty of treason and sentenced to death • Last words:“I believe that the issue of slavery will never be solved unless through the shedding of blood” • Thoreau, Emerson: “Brown is an instrument of God” • Southerners become apprehensive of northerners in general, and Republicans in particular

33. Why is it problematic for the South to perceive Republicans as abolitionists? Free Write…

34. John Brown: Martyr or Madman?

35. Reading/Tubman on Brown

37. The Caning of Charles Sumner Insulted Preston Brook’s uncle Preston Brooks later on storms into Sumner’s office and beats him Southern newspapers celebrate this action; Brooks gets re-elected Northern newspapers condemn this and say that South will do this to the North “They will whip us to accept slavery” North: Self-control South: Passionate, hot-headed This incident moves Northerners in more radical direction Northern version of John Brown’s raid Places slavery as a central issue; strengthens Republican Party

41. Chart/L&D Debates LINCOLN--DOUGLAS DEBATES • Lincoln and Douglas -U.S. Senate in Illinois. • Debates followed by the country-interested in running for the Presidency in 1860. • Slavery was the issue • Lincoln stated: A House Divided against itself cannot stand. Either we become one or the other. • Against the expansion of slavery • Douglas believed that slavery should be decided by the people. • Popular sovereignty

42. LINCOLN--DOUGLAS DEBATES Lincoln got Douglas to admit that Popular Sovereignty could go against the expansion of slavery!!!! Southerners will not support Douglas for the presidency in 1860

43. Question: Can North & South discuss the status of the West (i.e. slave vs. free) without offending each other? Free write…

44. Reading/Lincoln on slavery

45. Picture/Dred Scott DRED SCOTT DECISION • Slave from Missouri traveled with his owner to Illinois & Minnesota; both were free states. • Master died and Scott wanted to move back to Missouri---Missouri still recognized him as a slave. • He sued his master’s widow for his freedom since he had lived in a free state for a period of time. • Court case went to the Supreme Court for a decision • If a slave is taken to a free state, is he free? • Can a slave sue for his freedom? • Is a slave property? • Is slavery legal?

46. Chart/Effect of Scott DRED SCOTT DECISION • Supreme Court hands down the Dred Scott decision • Slaves cannot sue the U.S. for their freedom because they are property • They are not citizens and have no legal rights under the Constitution • Supreme Court legalized slavery by saying that Congress could not stop a slave-owner from moving his slaves to a new territory • Calhoun’s 5th Am. position wins • Missouri Compromise and all other compromises (popular sovereignty)were unconstitutional • North refused to enforce Fugitive Slave Law • Free states pass personal liberty laws. • Republicans will say the decision is not binding • Southerners will call on the North to accept the decision if the South is to remain in the Union

47. Reading/Scott decision DRED SCOTT DECISION Chief Justice Roger B. Taney’s reference to the status of slaves when the Constitution was adopted: “They (slaves) had for more than a century before been regarded as beings of an inferior order; and altogether unfit to associate with the white race, either in social or political relations; and so far inferior that they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect. This opinion was at that time fixed and universal in the civilized portion of the white race”

48. Lincoln’s Response to Dred Scott decision (1857) Slavery cannot be restricted in the territories Republican Party’s platform suddenly becomes unconstitutional (this worries Lincoln) Lincoln’s response: “Why can’t Dred Scott decision apply to free states as well as territories?”

49. Freeport Doctrine & the Demise of Stephen Douglas • Freeport Doctrine: If slave-owners’ slaves are now protected by law anywhere -- thanks to Dred Scott decision -- why would slave-owners take slaves to territories that don’t have positive slave codes to fully protect this property? • Answer: Positive slave codes should exist!!! • Douglas’s answer: Yes, but slave codes (fugitive slave laws etc) will only exist if they are passed by popular vote/will of the people • South objects & demands Congressional power to pass slave codes for all territories!!! • Once again, the South is appealing to federal power, not state’s rights!!!! • Lincoln backs Douglas into this corner • Douglas loses southern support when he take this position • This issue divides Democratic Party and allows Republicans to win the election!!!