Analogies

1. Analogies Relationships Between Words

2. Analogies: Seeing Relationships • Analogies are based on relationships between word pairs. • There is often more than one way to build a relationship between pairs of words. • What are the different ways these words can be related? fish, fin, fly, worm, swim, wing, bird

3. Analogies: Seeing Relationships • fish/swim • (swim is the action that a fish does) • bird/________ (What is the action that a bird does) • bird/fly • These are object to action analogies.

4. Analogies: Seeing Relationships • fin/fish • A fin is part of a fish. • wing/_____ (What is a wing part of?) • wing/bird • These are part to whole analogies.

5. Analogies: Seeing Relationships • fin/swim (How is fin related to swim?) • wing/______ (What word relates to wing in the same way?) • wing/fly • The first word is something used to do the second word. • These are tool to use analogies.

6. What is an Analogy? • An analogy is a comparison between two word pairs. • The key to understanding analogies is to focus on the relationship between the word pairs.

7. guppy is to fish AS hawk is to bird • In each pair of the analogy, the first animal is a specific kind of the second. • A guppy is a kind of fish. • A hawk is a kind of bird. • These are examples of specific example to a general category analogies. • The relationship between to two pairs should be clear.

8. Clues to Reading Analogies • Analogies can be written in words or in symbols. The colon (dots) replace the words. • hawk is to bird AS guppy is to fish • hawk : bird :: guppy : fish • Both of these analogies read: A hawk is related to a bird in the same way as a guppy is related to a fish.

9. Clues to Reading Analogies • Look at the parts of speech used in each word pair. • The type of words used give you a clue as to the type of relationship shown. • In an analogy with a kind of relationship, the words are all nouns. (specific example to general category) • pear : fruit :: squash : vegetable • In an object/action analogy, the first word is a noun (the object), and the second word is a verb (the action). • bird : chirp :: dog : bark

10. Types of Analogies 1. Object (tool) to the Action (use) • In each pair, the first word is a tool used for the activity (second word). • book : read :: pencil : write 2. Word to its Opposite (antonym) • In each pair, the first word means the opposite of the second word. • hot : cold :: day : night

11. Types of Analogies 3. Part to Whole • The first word is a part of a whole thing, second word. • athlete : team :: spectator : audience 4. Cause to Effect • The first word is the cause, the second word is the effect. • teasing : quarrel :: speeding : ticket

12. Types of Analogies 5. Kind of (general category/specific example) • The first word is a general category, and the second word is a specific example. • beetle: ladybug:: butterfly: monarch 6. Object to Material • The first word is the object, the second word is what it is made up of. • bottle : plastic :: shirt : cotton

13. Types of Analogies 7. Synonyms • In each pair, the first word means the same as the second word. • satchel : bag :: crate : box 8. Male to Female • In each pair, the male and female is compared. • bull : cow :: rooster : hen

14. Practice with Analogies Analogy = a way of showing that the relationship between one pair of words is similar to the relationship between a second pair of words Example The relationship between a writer and a pen is similar to the relationship between a painter and a brush.

15. Example The relationship between awriter and a pen is similar to the relationship between a painter and a brush. A writer is to a pen as a painter is to a brush.

16. Example A writer is to a pen AS a painter is to a brush. writer : pen :: painter : brush

17. Name the Analogy • delicate : fragile :: sturdy : strong • Word : Synonym • balloon : rise :: ball : throw • Object : Action • rich : poor :: happy : sad • Word : Antonym • ink : pen :: lead: pencil • Part : Whole

18. Name the Analogy • boy: girl :: gander : goose • Male : Female • ring : silver :: tray : styrofoam • Object : Material • class : math :: school : Baker • General : Specific • effort : success :: sleep : energy • Cause : Effect

19. Can You Write Your Own Analogies? On your paper, write down the 8 different types of analogies and create your own.  • object : action • word : antonym • part : whole • cause : effect • general : specific • object : material • word : synonym • male : female

20. Analogy Cards • Fold your paper in half and make a two column chart. • On the left hand side, label it “Relationship”. • On the right hand side, label it “Answer”. • Relationship Answer • Number 1-40 on each side. • With your partner, read each card and determine the relationship between the words. Record this on the left hand side of your chart. • Once you have determined the relationship, complete the analogy. Record this on the right hand side of your chart.

21. Analogy Relationships • Antonyms • Part to Whole Whole to Part • Object to Action Action to Object • Male to Female • Female to Male • Synonyms • Object to Material • Material to Object • Cause to Effect Effect to Cause • Specific to General General to Specific

22. Word Bank for Analogies 1 - 40 • Antonyms • Synonyms • Part to Whole Whole to Part • Object to Action Action to Object • Cause to Effect • Effect to Cause • Specific to General • General to Specific • Add • Ax • Big • Boat • Brush • City • Diet • Discuss • Eat • Feather • Freeze • Happiness • Insect • Mars • Picture • Quick • Rough • Sand • Sentence • Support