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Meeting 6. Lecture 6a: Verb Types and Verb Forms. Verb Types & Verb Forms. Lexical verbs classified according to their complements forms in which they appear tensed forms untensed forms Auxiliary verbs classified according to their functions & complements forms in which they appear
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Meeting 6 Lecture 6a: Verb Types and Verb Forms
Verb Types & Verb Forms • Lexical verbs • classified according to their complements • forms in which they appear • tensed forms • untensed forms • Auxiliary verbs • classified according to their functions & complements • forms in which they appear • tensed • untensed • Order of verbs in a sequence of verbs
Types of lexical verbs defined in terms of their complements S NP AUX VP HEAD: V
VP INTRANSITIVE 'die' no complement phrase V VP PCS COMPLEX INTRANSITIVE 'become' V NP/AdjP VP DO TRANSITIVE 'chase' V NPI
VP DITRANSITIVE 'give' V NPI NPJ IO DO VP COMPLEX TRANSITIVE 'consider' V NPI NP/AdjP DO PCO
VP INTRANSITIVE WITH PPC 'rely' V PP PPC VP TRANSITIVE WITH PPC 'put' V NPI PP DO PPC
INTRANSITIVE TRANSITIVE no DO complement DO complement +/- PCS +/- PCS +/- PPC +/- PPC +/- IO +/- PCO
VERB FORMS Tense-marking Not Tense-marking past past participle present gerund participle plain third person singular plain
AGREEMENT: Special relationship between Subject NP & Tense S SUBJECT: NP TENSE:AUX PREDICATE:VP I/you/we/they PRESENT walk he/she/it PRESENT walks PAST walked TENSED VERB FORMS
S NP AUX VP PRESENT I/you/we/they do walk he/she/it does walk PAST did walk PLAIN UNTENSED AUX do
S NP AUX VP PRESENT you/we/they are walking he/she/it is walking I am walking PAST I/he/she/it was walking you/we/they were walking GERUND PARTICIPLE PROGRESSIVE be
S NP AUX VP PRESENT you/we/they are sighted he/she/it is sighted I am sighted PAST you/we/they were sighted I/he/she/it was sighted PAST PARTICIPLE PASSIVE be
S NP AUX VP PRESENT I/you/we/they dowalk he/she/it doeswalk PAST didwalk PLAIN UNTENSED AUX do
S NP AUX VP PRESENT can/willwalk PAST could/wouldwalk MODAL AUX PLAIN UNTENSED
S NP AUX VP PRESENT you/we/they are walking he/she/it is walking I am walking PAST I/he/she/it was walking you/we/they were walking GERUND PARTICIPLE PROGRESSIVE be
S NP AUX VP PRESENT I/you/we/they have walked he/she/it has walked PAST had walked PAST PARTICIPLE PERFECT have
S NP AUX VP PRESENT you/we/they are sighted he/she/it is sighted I am sighted PAST you/we/they were sighted I/he/she/it was sighted PAST PARTICIPLE PASSIVE be
Ordering of auxiliary and lexical verbs • auxiliary verbs are in AUX • lexical verbs are in VP • AUX precedes VP in English, hence auxiliary verbs precede lexical verb • only one lexical verb may head the VP • AUX may contain more than one auxiliary verb (except if auxiliary is do) • Strict ordering of auxiliary verb types
John ate John must eat. (*John eat must) John has eaten (*John eaten has) John must have eaten (*John have must eaten) John must have been eating John must have been being eaten modal > perfect > progressive > passive > LEXICAL
What determines a verb's form? • First verb must mark TENSE distinction • Modal (and AUX do) must mark TENSE • TENSE is only marked once • MODAL must be followed by PLAIN (untensed) • PERFECT must be followed by PAST PARTICIPLE • PROGRESSIVE must be followed by GERUND PARTICIPLE • PASSIVE must be followed by PAST PARTICIPLE
In the next lecture...... • syntactic processes involving verbs • what auxiliary verbs can do that lexical verbs cannot