ROAD CONSTRUCTION IN PAST AND PRESENT in salalah

1. ROAD CONSTRUCTION IN PAST AND PRESENT in salalah Prepared by: Ali Saeed Qatan ID: 201500632

3. 1. Introduction • Road construction is one of the world’s oldest forms of construction. Long before mankind ever thought about engineering giant structures capable of touching the clouds, our concerns were a lot more immediate in nature. • In fact, the earliest evidence of road construction dates back to 4,000 BC in the Mesopotamia area. These primitive structures, primarily made of sticks and stones, were the end result of a need to increase the speed of travel between food, water and habitation sources. It was because of these early roads that humans were able to settle down and begin forming the world’s first permanent communities

4. 2. Literature Review • Oman Newspaper- 16/06/2015 HE Sheik Salem bin Awifat bin Abdullah Al Shanfari, Mayor of Dhofar Municipality, said: "Dhofar Municipality is keen to listen to all opinions and suggestions that will contribute to the development of municipal work in the governorate, and we are fully prepared to deal with transparency and credibility with the various media. We have nothing to hide from the citizen through municipal projects and the development of services that are mainly for the citizen • His Excellency responded to a number of inquiries by the participants in the press conference, where he announced the adoption of proposed solutions for the towers of Al Nahda Tower and Al Nahda Roundabout to facilitate traffic flow and flow it to the Supreme Council for Planning. • Al Nahda Roundabout has been replaced with smart signals and the project is currently being implemented as a temporary solution to traffic congestion until other proposed solutions are adopted by the Supreme Planning Council. • On the ring road linking happiness with Salalah Airport and the Etienne area, Sheikh explained that it was supposed to consist of three lanes, but the funds were only for two lanes. He added that Dhofar Municipality has more than 200 million riyals approved for roads in Dhofar Governorate and we will work to solve traffic jams In the streets where traffic congestion is

5. 3. Road construction in past time • If we take a look on the past method for constructing the roads in Salalah city, we can see there was no usage of advance machinery in that time. Thousands of the labors were working on the road construction. There was no concept of making the culverts, bridges, water drainage system while constructing the road. There was lack of the material testing in the laboratories for building a standard road, because of the lack of knowledge there was no usage of the Asphalt testing methods that was affecting the age of the road. Maintenance of road was taking places after some months of the road construction. After 2 or 3 years there was a need of demolishing the existing road and make a new road again.

7. 4.Road construction today • Road construction has come a long way since those early days of sticks and stones. Today, 96% of all paved roads and streets in the Salalah are surfaced with asphalt. This is an incredible figure, especially considering asphalt was not used in road construction. • What’s even more incredible is the versatility in which road construction techniques can now be employed to lay down new roads. Modern equipment allows us to readily reshape and form the landscape. As the saying goes, “we can move mountains” (or tunnel through them) in the quest to build a better, straighter road. In addition, advancements in asphalt material and concrete mix have worked to ensure that the modern road will continue to be here for years to come. • Modern road construction involves the removal of geographic obstacles, and the use • of new construction materials that are far more improved and durable. Rock and earth is removed by explosion or digging. Embankments, tunnels, and bridges are constructed, and then vegetation is removed by deforestation, if necessary. Finally, the pavement material is laid by using a range of road construction equipment. • Roadways are basically designed and constructed for use by vehicles and pedestrians. Storm drainage and ecological considerations should be considered seriously. Sediments and erosion are controlled to avoid damaging effects. Drainage systems are constructed so that they should be able to carry waste water to a waterway, stream, river, or the sea.

8. movement does not create a noticeable deformation. The road surface finish is reliant on the economic aspects, and the estimated usage. Earthwork is one of the major works involved in road construction. This process includes excavation, material removal, filling, compaction, and construction. Moisture content is controlled, and compaction is done according to standard design procedures. Normally, rock explosion at the road bed is not encouraged. While filling a depression to reach the road level, the original bed is flattened after the removal of the topsoil. The fill layer is distributed and compacted to the designed specifications. This procedure is repeated until the compaction desired is reached. The fill material should not contain organic elements, and possess a low index of plasticity. Fill material can include gravel and decomposed rocks of a particular size, but should not consist of huge clay lumps. Sand clay can be used. The area is considered to be adequately compacted when the

10. 6. Conclusion: • Roads will always be a focus for any city or region due to their economic and social importance. Perhaps for the first time in a century there may be a confluence of factors that are causing road agencies to fundamentally rethink how roads are made, how they are shared, and how they are managed. It will be important for the agencies to maintain a transparent and innovative approach to these emerging global and local trends, and the results so far suggest that road agencies in world’s are up to the challenge.

11. 7. References: • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road#History • https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-different-road-construction-methods