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Supplementary Topics

Supplementary Topics. Computer Architecture Computer Organization Organization and Architecture History of Computers Generations of Computers Moore’s Law. Computer Architecture (1). Definition? “The design of integrated system which provides a useful tool to the programmer.” (Baer)

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Supplementary Topics

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  1. Supplementary Topics • Computer Architecture • Computer Organization • Organization and Architecture • History of Computers • Generations of Computers • Moore’s Law

  2. Computer Architecture (1) • Definition? • “The design of integrated system which provides a useful tool to the programmer.” (Baer) • “The study of the structure, behaviour, and design of computers.” (Hayes) • “The design of the system specification at a general or subsystem level.” (Abd-Alla) • “The art of designing a machine that will be a pleasure to work with.” (Foster)

  3. Computer Architecture (2) • “The interface between the hardware and the lowest level software.” (Hennessy and Patterson) • Keyword: • Design • System • Structure • Art Tool Interface

  4. Computer Architecture (3) • Therefore, computer architecture refers to • Attributes of a system visible to programmers • Attributes that have a direct impact on the execution of programs • Attributes • Instruction set • Data representation • I/O mechanisms • Addressing techniques

  5. Computer Organization • Organization refers to operational units and their interconnections that realize the architectural specifications. • Attributes: hardware details transparent to programmers • Control signals • Computer/peripheral interface • Memory technology

  6. Architecture & Organization (1) • Architecture is attributes visible to programmers • Organization is how features areimplemented • Example: • Architecture: multiply instruction? • Organization: hardware multiply unit or done by repeated addition? (how is it implemented?) • Example: • IBM/370 architecture • different models (organizations)

  7. Architecture & Organization (2) • Family Concept • All Intel x86 family share the same basic architecture • The IBM System/370 family share the same basic architecture • This gives code compatibility (at least backwards) • Organization differs between different versions

  8. History of Computers (1) • Pre-mechanical Era • Abacus (ancient China) • Mechanical Era (1623 – 1940s) • Wilhelm Schickhard (1623) • Automatically +, -, x,  • Blaise Pascal (1642) • Mass produced first working machine (50) • Only +, - • Gottfried Liebniz (1673) • Improved on Pascal’s machine (+, -, x, )

  9. History of Computers (2) • Mechanical Era (cont’d) • Charles Babbage (1822) • Father of modern computer • Automatic computation of math tables • Any math operation • Punch cards • Modern structure: I/O, storage, ALU • +: 1 sec. x: 1 min. • George Boole (1847) • Mathmatical analysis of logic

  10. History of Computers (3) • Mechanical Era (cont’d) • Herman Hollerith (1889) • Modern day punch card machine • Tabulating machine company  predecessor of • Konard Zuse (1938) • First working mechanical computer, Z1 (later on Z2 – Z4) • First programmable computer • Binary floating point machine • Howard Aiken (1943) • Harvard Mark I, built by IBM • Implementation of Babbage’s machine IBM

  11. History of Computers (4) • Summary of Mechanical Era • Contributions • Reduce calculation time • Increase accuracy • Drawback • Speed: limited by moving parts • Cumbersome • Expensive • Unreliable • Entered the Electronic Era (1945 – present)!!

  12. von Neumann/Turing • Stored Program concept • Main memory storing programs and data • ALU operating on binary data • Control unit interpreting instructions from memory and executing • Input and output equipment operated by control unit • Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies • IAS • Completed 1952: Basis for virtually every machine designed since then

  13. Structure of von Neumann machine

  14. Generations of Computer • First generation: Vacuum tube - 1946-1957 • Second generation: Transistor - 1958-1964 • Third generation: Integrated circuits – 1965 – 1971 • Small scale integration - 1965 on • Up to 100 devices on a chip • Medium scale integration - to 1971 • 100-3,000 devices on a chip • Semiconductor memory (1970) • Microprocessor (1971)

  15. Generations of Computer • Fourth generation: Large scale integration (LSI) - 1971-1977 • 3,000 - 100,000 devices on a chip • Intel 8080: first general-purpose microprocessor (1974) • Fifth generation: 1978 – present • Very large scale integration (VLSI) - 1978 to date • 100,000 - 100,000,000 devices on a chip • Ultra large scale integration (ULSI) • Over 100,000,000 devices on a chip • GSI ??

  16. Moore’s Law • Increased density of components on chip • Number of transistors on a chip will double every year • Since 1970’s development has slowed a little • Number of transistors doubles every 18 months • Cost of a chip has remained almost unchanged • Higher packing density means shorter electrical paths, giving higher performance • Smaller size gives increased flexibility • Reduced power and cooling requirements • Fewer interconnections increases reliability

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