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Hormones

Hormones. Topic B6. Production and function (B.6.1). primarily chemical messengers produced in endocrine glands secreted directly into bloodstream and transported to various organs, tissues, or cells in the body. have a variety of functions adrenaline produced in the adrenal glands

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Hormones

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  1. Hormones Topic B6

  2. Production and function (B.6.1) • primarily chemical messengers • produced in endocrine glands • secreted directly into bloodstream and transported to various organs, tissues, or cells in the body

  3. have a variety of functions • adrenaline • produced in the adrenal glands • the ‘fight or flight’ hormone • stimulant • dilates pupils and airways, increases heart beat and the release of sugar into the bloodstream • thyroxine • produced in the thyroid gland • regulates the body’s metabolism

  4. insulin • protein (51 amino acids) produced in the pancreas • regulates blood sugar by • triggering cells to uptake sugar • stimulating the liver to store glucose in the form of glycogen • diabetics produce too little insulin

  5. Compare structures of cholesterol and sex hormones (B.6.2) • all contain a steroid backbone consisting of three six-membered rings and a five-membered ring fused together

  6. but they differ in the type and position of substituents (functional groups) on the steroid backbone

  7. Male Female

  8. cholesterol

  9. Oral contraceptives (B.6.3) • most commonly used is called the combined oral contraceptive pill • contains a combination of estrogen and progesterone • mimics pregnancy by keeping hormones at high levels • prevents ovulation from occurring • makes the lining of the uterus thinner so that it is unsuitable for implantation of a fertilized egg • makes the mucus in the cervix thicker to prevent sperm from reaching the egg

  10. Use and abuse of steroids (anabolic) (B.6.4) • several steroids that resemble testosterone have been synthesized • use • promote increased muscle mass and growth • can be given following injuries to rebuild muscle • abuse • can enhance athletic performance

  11. taking large doses cause harmful side effects • in men: impotence, baldness, problems in urinating, smaller testes • in women: changes in secondary sex characteristics, build up of muscles and increased facial hair • both men and women also experience • violent temper/aggressive behavior • liver tumors, high blood pressure and heart attacks

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