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HORMONES

HORMONES. Hypothalamic Hormones. Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone. Prolactin Release-inhibiting Hormone. Pituitary Hormones. Gonadotrophins -FSH - LH Prolactin. Oxytocin. Ovarian Hormones. Oestrogen. Progesterone. Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone.

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HORMONES

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  1. HORMONES

  2. Hypothalamic Hormones • Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone. • Prolactin Release-inhibiting Hormone .

  3. Pituitary Hormones • Gonadotrophins -FSH - LH • Prolactin. • Oxytocin.

  4. Ovarian Hormones • Oestrogen. • Progesterone.

  5. Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone • A decapeptide. • Secreted by the neurosecretory cells of the medial basal hypothalamus. • Passes along the hypophysial portal veins to the anterior lobe of the pituitary. • Causes release of gonadotrophins from the anterior pituitary.

  6. Cont. • Secretion is influenced by environmental factors which act via the higher centres. • This is a usually negative. • Positive feedback only for the secretion of LH.

  7. Follicle stimulating hormone • Is a glycoprotein • Stimulates formation and ripening of the graffian follicle. • Secretion is inhibited by the rising estrogen level.

  8. Luteinizing Hormone • Is a glycoprotein. • Along with FSH promotes follicular ripening and causes ovulation. • (Sudden upsurge 24-48 hours before ovulation). • Causes luteinization of both granulosa and theca cells.

  9. Oestrogen Secreted by the: 1 Granulosa and theca cells of the ovarian follicle. 2 Granulosa and theca lutein cells of the corpus luteum. 3 Suprarenal cortex. Conjugated In the liver with glucuronic and sulphuric acid.

  10. Estrogen Excreted: in the urine (70%) in the faeces (30%)

  11. Acetate Cholesterole Pregnenolone Progesterone 17-hydroxypregnenolone 17-hydroxypregnenolone Dehydroepiandrosterone Androstenedione Testosterone Oestrone Oestradiol

  12. ACTIONS

  13. Secondary Sex Characters Increases • Feminine Sensitivity. • Shyness. • Feminine Curves. • Soft Skin. • Luxuriant Scalp Hair.

  14. SECONDARY SEX ORGANS

  15. Vulva Increases hypertrophy and vascularity

  16. Vagina Increases • Hypertrophy and Vascularity. • Epithelial Activity. • Glycogen Deposition. • Vaginal Acidity. • Cornification of Superficial vaginal cells.

  17. Uterus • Increases • Vascularity. • Hypertrophy of myometrium. • Proliferation of endometrial Glands • Growth and compaction of stroma.

  18. Cervix • increases growth and cervical epithelial activity. • Mucus becomes thin ,profuse ,stretchable, increases fern pattern

  19. Breasts Increases vascularity enlargment. pigmentation of the areola. proliferation of the lacteal ducts and nipples

  20. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

  21. Cont • Suppresses the output of FSH. • the secretion of LH and ACTH. • Binding Globulins. • Protein bound iodine. • Protein bound cortisol. • Glucose Tolerance.

  22. Blood • IncreasesFibrinogen, factors VII,VIII,X. • Platelets become more adhesive.

  23. Progesterone • Secreted by the: 1. Theca Lutein cells. 2. Theca Granulosa cells. • Metabolized by: the liver. • Excreted in: the urine.

  24. Progesterone • Levels in the blood: Follicular phase 03-06 n mol / L. Luteal phase 30-70 n mol / L.

  25. Actions on secondary sex organs Vagina • Decreases cornification index of vaginal smear • Increases Ph. Of vaginal secretions • Increases vascularity of the vagina

  26. Cervix • Increases tone of the internal os and isthmus. • Mucus: Viscosity. Stretchibility Fern pattern is lost.

  27. Uterus • Glands increases in size, become actively secretory. • Stroma becomes more vascular and oedematous. • Myometrial contractions less frequent but of greater amplitude.

  28. Breasts: • Stimulates epithelium of the acini. Endocrine system: • It first stimulates and then inhibits the production of (LHRF)

  29. General • Sodium and fluid retension • Sebum by the skin • Is thermogenic. • Relaxes smooth muscles.

  30. Prolactin • Is a polypeptide, secreted from the anterior pituitary. • Stimulates growth of breasts. • Initiates and stimulates milk secretion. • Secretion is regulated by hypothalamic release inhibiting factor. (PRIF)

  31. Prolactin Suppresses ovulation. Normal levels upto 425 m I.u / L Secretions are increased by stress, stimulation of nipples, exposure to oestrogens and TSH

  32. Suppressed by: • Bromocriptine • Dopamine.

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