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Identity Development

Q 7-8: Discuss the formation and development of gender roles (and explain cultural variations). Identity Development. Introduction. Background Gender-social and psychological characteristics associated with being male or female Role- social and behavioral norms

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Identity Development

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  1. Q 7-8: Discuss the formation and development of gender roles (and explain cultural variations) Identity Development

  2. Introduction • Background • Gender-social and psychological characteristics associated with being male or female • Role- social and behavioral norms • Biology- xx (female) or xy (male) chromosomes; sex hormones released during prenatal development • Money (1972)- claimed that children are gender neutral at birth but refuted with David Reimer story • Thesis-Social learning theory and Gender schema theory help to explain gender identity, but there are limitations to both theories

  3. Social Learning TheoryBandura (1977) • Gender roles are learned through observation of same-sex models, reinforcement & modeling • Evidence • Smith (1978)- Baby X experiment- adults treated child according to perception of gender • Sroufe (1993)- 10 year olds who behaved in gender-stereotyped way were more popular • Limitations- passive; doesn’t explain variation in level of conformity to gender role stereotypes

  4. Gender schema theory • Gender schema- ideas abut what is appropriate behavior for males and females • Categorization (ingroup) and stereotypes • Evidence • Martin & Halvorson (1983)- 5 and 6 year olds distorted memories that were inconsistent with gender roles • Fagot (1985)- gender policing enforced stereotypes • Limitations-focus on cognitive factors ignores social and cultural factors

  5. Cultural variations • Goffman (1977)- predicted that gender roles will shift as societies become more equal • Mead (1935)- compared gender roles in 3 New Guinea tribes; roles not related to biology, but cultural expectations

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