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PSY 552 Social Development Emotional Development Heather Foran October 21, 2004

PSY 552 Social Development Emotional Development Heather Foran October 21, 2004. Definitions of Emotion Emotional Development. Two Topics In Emotion Study. Definitions of Emotion. Function and structure Two dimensions Basic emotions Social emotions Love?

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PSY 552 Social Development Emotional Development Heather Foran October 21, 2004

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  1. PSY 552Social Development Emotional Development Heather ForanOctober 21, 2004

  2. Definitions of Emotion Emotional Development Two Topics In Emotion Study

  3. Definitions of Emotion

  4. Function and structure Two dimensions Basic emotions Social emotions Love? Feelings? Definitions of Emotion

  5. Emotion as a motivator (e.g., Psychoanalytic Theory, Behavioral Theory) The role of morphology Facial feedback hypothesis (e.g. Ekman, Levenson, & Friesen, 1983) Affect families (Shaver, & Schwartz, et al. 1987) Action tendencies (Frijda, 1986) Function and Structure

  6. 1. Pleasure 2. Arousal Circumplex models of personality and emotions Two Dimensions

  7. 6-7 Basic emotions Joy/happiness Sadness Interest/surprise Anger Fear Disgust Contempt Basic Emotions

  8. Literate and pre-literate cultures (Ekman et al, 1969; Izard, 1971; Ekman, & Friesen, 1972) - Ekman et al. (5 cultures) - Izard (9 cultures) - match emotion labels to still photos High levels of agreement across cultures for some emotions. Evidence for Basic Emotions

  9. Shame Guilt Pride Requires self-awareness and cognitive appraisal Social Emotions

  10. Bond-related behavior Present from birth in (all) humans Does not appear to be a discrete emotion Where Does Love Fit In?

  11. Some argue feelings are present at birth (e.g., Izard, 1977) Some argue feelings are present at 9 mo (e.g., Lewis, & Michalson, 1983; Sroufe, 1979). Not always included in definition of emotion. (e.g., Campos et al. 1994) Feelings?

  12. Feelings = Emotion. Many lay defintions 2. Feelings = Emotion, BUT Emotion ≠ Feelings. Campos et al., 1994 argue that feelings are one facet of emotion and derive from 4 sources. Appraisal (Lazarus, 1991) Efference (e.g., Ekman, et al. 1983) Striated and Smooth Muscles Social induction (e.g., McIntosh, et al. 1994) Feelings Defined

  13. Emotional Development

  14. Communication Relationships with others Cognitive development Subjective well-being Why Is Emotional Development Important?

  15. Affection and attachment Interaction with caregiver Stimulating Environment Social and cultural norms Individual differences Childhood adversity Influences On Emotional Development

  16. Recognition in others Recognition in self Expression Social rules for emotion displays (Bianca) Regulation (Bianca) Temperament/Emotional Style (Tom) Types Of Emotional Development

  17. In Others Perceptual discrimination Emotional contagion Social referencing In Self Recognizing Emotion

  18. Perceptual Discrimination Facial expression discrimination Auditory discrimination Gesture and posture discrimination Is it really emotion discrimination? Recognizing Emotion In Others

  19. Emotional Contagion Empathetic crying Affect Matching Recognizing Emotion In Others

  20. Social referencing Visual cliff procedure Stranger procedure Novel toy procedure Mood and behavior are altered Recognizing Emotion In Others

  21. Empathetic Crying present at birth Affect Matching 10 weeks Visual Discrimination of Facial Expressions 6 weeks - some signs 7 months – well developed Social Referencing 12 months Summary of Emotional Recognition in Others

  22. Reliable behaviors to invite pleasurable experiences (infants) Labeling of emotional experiences (age 2-3) Emotional recognition becomes linked with context, goals, and appraisals as one develops Recognizing Emotion In Self

  23. Crying Facial expressions Emotion language Emotional dissemblance Emotion management (not covered) Emotional Expression

  24. Crying Types of Crying Individual Differences Emotional Expression

  25. Facial Expressions Basic Emotions Signs versus Symbols Modeling/reinforcement Emotional Expression

  26. 1. Joy/happiness 2. Sadness present from birth 3. Interest/surprise 4. Anger 5. Fear between 2.5 - 7 months 6. Disgust (contempt) Basic Emotions

  27. Labeling emotions and identification of antecedents and consequences develops around age 2 (Bretherton et al, 1985) Emotional Language

  28. Develops around preschool age Four types Minimization Neutralization Substitution Exaggeration Emotional Dissemblance

  29. Crying (present from birth) Facial expressions (birth – 7 months) Emotion language (2 years) Emotional dissemblance (2-4 years) Summary of Emotional Expression Development Chronology

  30. Various emotion skills develop at different ages throughout childhood Interaction with environment and individual biological differences affect emotional development Emotional development affects other areas of development Summary

  31. Course of emotional development Role of individual differences Ideal emotional development Link to later psychopathology Prevention and treatment Future Directions

  32. Ablon, S. L., Brown, D., Khantizian, E. J., & Mack, J. E. (Eds.) (1993). Human feelings: Explorations in affect development and meaning. Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press. Bretherton, I., Fritz, J., Zahn-Waxler, C., & Ridgeway, D. (1986). Learning to talk about emotions: A functionalist perspective. Child Development, 57, 529-548. Campos, J., Mumme, D., Kermoian, R., & Campos, R. (1994). A functionist perspective on the nature of emotion. In N. Fox (Ed.), The development of emotion regulation: Biological and behavioral considerations. Monographs of the Society for Research on Child Development, 59, (2/3, Serial No. 240). Cornelius, R. R. (1996). The Science of emotion: Research and tradition in the psychology of emotion. Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Ekman, P., & Davison, R. J. (1994). The nature of emotions: Fundamental questions. New York: Oxford University Press. Ekman, P., Levenson, R. W., & Friesen, W. V. (1983). Autonomic nervous system activity distinguishes among emotions. Science, 221, 1208-1210. Field, T. M., Woodson, R., Cohen, D., Greenberg, R., Garcia, R., & Collins, K. (1983). Discrimination and imitation of facial expression by term and preterm neonates. Infant Behavior and Development, 6, 485-489. Feinman, S., & Lewis, M. (1983). Social referencing at ten months: A second-order effect on infants’ responses to strangers. Child Development, 54, 878-887. *Izard, C. E. (2002). Translating emotion theory and research into preventive interventions. Psychological Bulletin, 128 (5), 796-824. *Lewis, M. D., & Granic, I. (Eds.) (2000). Emotion, development, and self-organization: Dynamic systems approaches to emotional development. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Russell, J. A. (1995). Facial expression of emotion: What lies beyond minimal universality? Psychological Bulletin, 118, 379-391. Sroufe, L. A. (1979). Socioemotional development. In J. Osofsky (Ed.), Handbook of infant development (pp. 462-516). New York: Wiley. Recommended Readings* denotes class readings

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