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The Language Of Medicine 9 th edition Davi-Ellen Chabner

The Language Of Medicine 9 th edition Davi-Ellen Chabner. Chapter 19 Cancer Medicine (Oncology). Chapter Goals. Identify medical terms that describe the growth and spread of tumors. Recognize terms related to the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer.

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The Language Of Medicine 9 th edition Davi-Ellen Chabner

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  1. The Language Of Medicine 9th edition Davi-Ellen Chabner

  2. Chapter 19Cancer Medicine (Oncology)

  3. Chapter Goals • Identify medical terms that describe the growth and spread of tumors. • Recognize terms related to the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer. • Review how tumors are classified and described by pathologists.

  4. Chapter Goals (cont’d) • Describe x-ray studies, laboratory tests, and other procedures used by physicians for determining the presence and extent of spread (staging) of tumors. • Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in their proper contexts, such as medical reports and records.

  5. Chapter 19Lesson 19.1

  6. Introduction Cancer: characterized by unrestrained and excessive growth of cells Malignant tumors: compress, invade and destroy surrounding tissues

  7. Cancer • Cancer is responsible for 20% of all deaths in the United States. • More than half of people who develop cancer are cured.

  8. QUICK QUIZ: • Which cancers are the most common causes of cancer death for women? • lung, breast, colorectal • lung, colorectal, breast • breast, lung, colorectal • colorectal, breast, lung

  9. QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d) • Which cancers are the most common causes of cancer death for men? • lung, prostate, colorectal • lung, colorectal, prostate • prostate, lung, colorectal • colorectal, prostate, lung

  10. Malignant Multiply rapidly Invasive and infiltrative Undifferentiated Metastasize Benign Grow slowly Encapsulated Differentiated Don’t spread Characteristics of Tumors Neoplasms (Tumors): growths that arise from normal tissue

  11. Characteristics of Tumors (cont’d)

  12. Carcinogenesis: transformation of a normal cell to a cancerous one Damage to genetic material Genes Nucleotides Mutation Apoptosis What Causes Cancer? • DNA function • Mitosis • Protein synthesis

  13. Carcinogenesis • Environmental Agents • Chemical carcinogens • Radiation • Viruses (RNA and DNA) • Oncogenes (ras/colon cancer, myc/lymphoma, and bcr-abl/chronic myelogenous leukemia) • Heredity • Retinoblastoma, polyposis coli

  14. Genes Implicated in Hereditary Cancers

  15. Classification of Cancerous Tumors Carcinomas: epithelial cell origin, 90% of all malignancies are carcinomas

  16. Carcinomas and the Epithelial Tissues from Which They Derive

  17. Carcinomas and the Epithelial Tissues from Which They Derive (cont’d)

  18. Classification of Cancerous Tumors Sarcomas: connective tissue origin, 5% of all malignancies

  19. Sarcomas and the Connective Tissues from Which They Derive

  20. Sarcomas and the Connective Tissues from Which They Derive (cont’d)

  21. Classification of Cancerous Tumors Mixed Tissue Tumors: tissues capable of differentiating into epithelial and connective tissue

  22. Chapter 19Lesson 19.2

  23. Cystic Fungating Inflammatory Medullary Necrotic Polypoid Ulcerating Verrucous Pathological DescriptionsGross

  24. Alveolar Carcinoma in situ Diffuse Dysplastic Epidermoid Follicular Nodular Papillary Pleomorphic Scirrhous Undifferentiated Pathological DescriptionsMicroscopic

  25. Grading and Staging of Tumors Grade: degree of maturity or differentiation under the microscope Stage: extent of spread in the body

  26. International TNM Staging System for Lung Cancer

  27. International TNM Staging System for Lung Cancer (cont’d)

  28. Chapter 19Lesson 19.3

  29. Cauterization Core needle biopsy Cryosurgery En bloc resection Excisional biopsy Exenteration Fine needle aspiration biopsy Fulguration Incisional biopsy Cancer Treatment: Surgery

  30. Brachytherapy Electron beams External beam radiation (teletherapy) Fields Fractionation Gray (Gy) Linear accelerator Photon therapy Proton therapy Radiocurable tumor Radioresistant tumor Radiosensitive tumor Radiosensitizers Cancer Treatment: Radiation Therapy (Radiation Oncology)

  31. Radiation Therapy Side Effects • Alopecia (baldness) • Fibrosis (increase in connective tissue) • Mucositis (inflammation and ulceration of mucous membranes • Myelosuppression (bone marrow depression) • Nausea and vomiting • Pneumonitis • Xerostomia (dryness of mouth)

  32. Chapter 19Lesson 19.4

  33. Chemotherapy, Biological Therapy, and Differentiating Agents • Alkylating agents • Antibiotics • Antimetabolites • Antimitotics • Hormonal agents

  34. Cancer Chemotherapeutic Agents and the Cancers They Treat

  35. Cancer Chemotherapeutic Agents and the Cancers They Treat (cont’d)

  36. Mechanisms of Action of Cancer Chemotherapeutic Agents

  37. Biological Agents • Agents that use or fortify the body’s own defenses against tumors (e.g, biological response modifiers/interferon)

  38. Combining Forms Combining Forms follicul/o fung/i medull/o mucos/o mut/a mutagen/o onc/o papill/o pharmac/o plas/o ple/o polyp/o prot/o radi/o sarc/o scirrh/o xer/o alveol/o cac/o carcin/o cauter/o chem/o cry/o cyst/o fibr/o

  39. -blastoma -genesis -oma -plasia -plasm -suppression -therapy ana- apo- brachy- epi- meta- tele- Suffixes Prefixes

  40. Bone marrow biopsy Bone marrow or stem cell transplant CT scans Fiberoptic colonoscopy Exfoliative cytology Laparoscopy Mammography MRI Needle biopsy Radionuclide scans Ultrasound X-rays Clinical Procedures to Detect or Treat Malignancies

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