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CLONING

CLONING. Click here for the session on GENE THERAPY. CLONING. Cloning is a technique of creating a copy of living matter - a cell or organism. The copies produced through cloning have identical genetic makeup and are known as clones.

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CLONING

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  1. CLONING Click here for the session onGENE THERAPY

  2. CLONING Cloning is a technique of creating a copy of living matter - a cell or organism. The copies produced through cloning have identical genetic makeup and are known as clones In 1963 J. B. S. Haldane [British biologist] use the word clonein reference to animals. The term clone (from the Greek word klōn, meaning “twig”) had already been in use since the beginning of the 20th century in reference to plants.

  3. CLONING: a prelude Scientists initially made cloned cells in the laboratory by letting a single cell divide into a population of genetically identical cells. In this process scientists put the original cell in a laboratory dish containing culture medium. The cell’s natural process of mitosis then produces genetically identical offspring. This process mimics how cells multiply, for instance, in plants and in the human body

  4. CLONING: a prelude Scientists later developed more complex cloning techniques using animal embryos. Every cell in an animal arises from a fertilized egg. The fertilized egg divides to form an embryo, and each cell in the embryo has the same genetic makeup. At some point in the embryo’s growth and development, cells differentiate and become specialized. For instance, a heart cell only functions in the heart and not the liver, even though the genes of a heart cell and liver cell are the same.

  5. JOHN GURDON’s EXPERIMENTS The experiment reveals that cells from different parts of the embryo differed in the degree of successful development on nuclear transplantation The older the individual the nuclei were taken, less the recipient egg cells was able to develop normally. Cells of embryos at a later stage of development switch over from totipotent to pluripotent state.

  6. CLONING method

  7. CLONING method

  8. TOTIPOTENCYrefers the ability of embryonic cell to give rise to all the different cell types in the body PLURIPOTENCYrefers the ability of embryonic cell to give rise the unique cell types / tissues in the body

  9. CLONING: types Reproductive cloning Therapeutic cloning

  10. Cloning: therapeutic

  11. Cloning of Sheep [Mechanism] Cloning: reproductive Cloning of specific Cells /Tissues Cloning: therapeutic

  12. Cloning of Pine tree

  13. Merits of Cloning: • the endangered and extinct animals can be saved or retained. • help to maintain biodiversity. • solves transplantation problems, tissue incompatibility, tissue rejection, harmful immune reactions. • will produce advances in medicine, biological research, and industry

  14. Demerits of Cloning: • Highly costlier, • More ethical issues. • Clones have discrepancies, incompatibility, tissue rejection, harmful immune reactions. • negative unwanted results may occur due by crooked minded people

  15. Cloning of Mice: Do it Your Self .

  16. end Click here for the session onGENE THERAPY

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