Week 10 Overview

1. Week 10 Overview Cardiovascular test-correct in class Chapter 10 pgs. 298-336-lecture Getting ready for midterm using pgs. 95 Aand B-99 A and B in the syllabus Medical Language Lab

2. Musculoskeletal

3. Week 10 Skeletal SystemFunction: support, protect, movement, hematopoiesis, and a storehouse for minerals • Medical Terms- • Cartilage—chondr/o • Joints- arthr/o • Bone- oste/o • Rib- cost/o

4. Periosteum- around the bone Endosteum- Within the bone

5. Joint- is the articulation of two bones

6. Types of Joints Hinge Elbows, Knees and Fingers Pivot Cervical vertebrae Ball and Socket Shoulder/Hip Gliding Wrist and Ankle

7. Other Terms • Ligaments fibrous bands that bind the bones firmly together while allowing movement • Tendons, which are rope like cables, connect a muscle to a bone. The tendon acts like a cable, pulling the bone into the new position as the muscle contracts. • Bursae-Burs/o- sac lining the joint • Synovial-Synovi/o-moveable

8. Anatomical Landmarks of Bones/ Parts of a long bone • Diaphysis- the shaft of the bone • Epiphysis- the end of the bone

9. The Skeleton • Axial Skeleton- the skull and cage including the pelvis • Appendicular Skeleton- the appendages

10. Short Long Irregular Flat

11. Pathology of Skeletal System • Arthralgia -joint pain • Ankylosis- stiff joint • Arthrodynia- joint pain • Bursitis- inflammation of the bursae • Carpal tunnel syndrome-pressure on the median nerve as it enters the hand through a tunnel in the wrist. • Arthritis- inflammation of a joint • Rheumatoid arthritis- chronic inflammatory disease that causes the body's immune system to attack the joints • Osteoarthritis- inflammation of the bone and joint • Spondylosis- degenerative processes that affect the intervertebral disc.

12. Herniated disk- a slipped disk • Scoliosis- Lateral (sideways) curvature of the spine.

13. Lordosis- An exaggeration of the forward curve of the lower part of the back, sometimes called sway-back. • Kyphosis- exaggerated outward curvature of the spine- humpback Lordosis Kyphosis

14. Spina Bifida- incomplete closure of the vertebrae • Osteomyelitis- Inflammation of the bone, especially the marrow. • Osteomalacia- softening of bone • Osteoporosis- A condition that is characterized by a decrease in bone mass and density, causing bones to become fragile

15. Rickets- A weakening of the bones due to Vitamin D deficiency • Fracture- FX- a break in a bone • Closed Fracture- when the bone breaks under the skin • Open fracture- when the bone breaks and protrudes through the skin

16. Greenstick fracture- when the bone suffers a crack to only one side, leaving it injured but intact. • Crepitation-A grating or crackling sensation or sound, as that produced by rubbing two fragments of a broken bone together

17. Procedure of the MS system • Arthrectomy- removal of a joint • Arthroplasty- surgical repair of a joint • Arthrodesis- fixation of a joint • Craniectomy- removal of part of the skull

18. Craniotomy- incision into the skull • Laminectomy- Surgical removal of the lamina of a vertebra • Amputation- severing of a body part • Phantom-limb pain- pain felt in a body part that has been amputated • Osteoclasis- rebreaking of a bone

19. Abbreviations • BK or BKA- below the knee amputation • IM- intramuscular • AK or AKA- above the knee amputation • X-Ray- radiological study • SLE- systemic lupus erythematosus • T-2- thoracic #2 • C-1- cervical #1 • L-3- lumbar #3 • NSAID- nonsteriodal anti-inflammatory drug • CMST(P)- color, motion, sensation, temperature, pain

20. Muscular System • Muscular tissue refers to all of the contractile tissue of the body. It includes the cardiac muscle of the heart, smooth muscles that compose the viscera and the skeletal muscles that attach to bones. • The first two types of muscles are referred to as involuntary because there is no discretionary control over them. In contrast, the skeletal muscles are voluntary since their contractions are fully controllable. All muscles, through contraction, provide the body with motion or body posture.

21. My/o= muscle

22. Characteristics of Muscles • Antagonistic muscle pairs- the skeletal muscles of the body are arranged in antagonistic pairs. One muscle of the pair produces movement in a single direction. The other muscle of the pair produces movement in the opposite direction. When one muscle of the pair is contracted, the other is relaxed.

23. Terms • Contraction-shortening of muscle fibers • Relaxation- lengthening of muscle fibers • Muscle tone-The natural tension in resting muscles • Extension- to straighten a joint • Flexion- Bending a joint • Adduction- movement toward the midline • Abduction- movement away from the midline • Elevation- to raise upward • Depression- movement downward • Supination- upward • Pronation- downward

24. PATHOLOGY • Fibroma- tumor of fibrous tissue • Tendonitis- inflammation of a tendon • Ataxia- without coordination • Dystaxia- difficult coordination • Atrophy- without nourishment • Muscular Dystrophy- A hereditary disease characterized by progressive weakness caused by degeneration of muscle fibers

25. Paralysis- without movement • Hemiparesis- partial paralysis in one-half of the body • Paraplegia- paralysis of the lower extremities • Hemiplegia- paralysis in one-half of the body • Quadriplegia- paralysis of all four extremities • Myalgia- muscle pain • Contracture- permanent immobility of a joint • Spasm- twitching

26. Myocele- swelling of a muscle • Hernia- protrusion of one structure into another • Torticollis- stiff neck • Myosclerosis- hardening of a muscle • Myonecrosis- death of a muscle

27. PROCEDURES • Myorrhaphy- suture of a muscle • Myectomy- removal of a muscle

28. Abbreviations • MS- musculoskeletal • IM- intramuscular • TKR- total knee replacement

29. Check out Page 106Musculoskeletal Elements

30. Homework • Study for midterm using pgs. 95 A and B through 99 A and B in the syllabus • Complete pgs. 101-107 (syllabus) • Complete pgs. 337-348 (book), • Term Plus Musculoskeletal-TE and MV • www.fadavis.com study questions for chapter 10 • Read pgs. 386-413 and 428-445