Julie Garbini jgarbini@rmc-foundation 240-485-1150

1. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)Results from the MIT Concrete Sustainability Hub Research Julie Garbini jgarbini@rmc-foundation.org 240-485-1150

2. Session Objective • Learn what the groundbreaking research results from the MIT Concrete Sustainability Hub really mean to the concrete industry. This presentation will highlight the latest MIT research for the operating phase of pavements (MIT’s pavement-vehicle interaction model) and buildings (including design recommendations for maximizing concrete’s sustainable benefits like thermal mass). It will also cover how life cycle assessment intersects with life cycle cost analysis to help specifiers and owners make the best design decisions. LCA and LCCA - Results from MIT Concrete Sustainability Hub

3. MIT Concrete Sustainability Hub • Multi-Discipline Research Center at MIT • $10 million Investment over 5 years, Funded Jointly by RMC & PCA • PCA and NRMCA Leading on Promotion and Advocacy Strategies, Along with Companies and Partner Associations • A Combination of National, State and Local Efforts Critical to Technology Transfer LCA and LCCA - Results from MIT Concrete Sustainability Hub

4. MIT Concrete Sustainability Hub • Concrete and Asphalt 1st Cost Parity Due to High Oil Prices and Volatility • Growing Demand to Quantify Sustainability Performance • Next Wave of Green Building Poised to Take-off • Climate is Ripe for Cost-Effective, Longer Term Solutions • We Have All the Right Arguments; Need Credible Validation and to Stay on the Cutting Edge LCA and LCCA - Results from MIT Concrete Sustainability Hub

5. Why Sustainability Matters LCA and LCCA - Results from MIT Concrete Sustainability Hub

6. Green Building is in Demand U.S. Nonresidential Green Building Market Size ($ Billions) Source: McGraw-Hill Green Outlook 2011

7. Why Sustainability Matters • 73% of the 30 largest Architecture / Engineering (A/E) firms, responsible for over $100 billion in construction annually, have now adopted and are implementing the 2030 Challenge. According to a recent poll of design industry leaders by the Design Futures Council, approximately 40% of all U.S. architecture firms have adopted the Challenge.

8. MIT Concrete Sustainability Hub • MIT Brand Offers Credibility; Expertise • “Good Housekeeping” Seal of Approval • Innovation; Holistic Approach • Knowledge Transfer; MIT Opens Doors LCA and LCCA - Results from MIT Concrete Sustainability Hub

9. MIT Concrete Sustainability Hub • Research Platforms • Concrete Science • Building Technology LCA • Econometrics LCCA LCA and LCCA - Results from MIT Concrete Sustainability Hub

10. MIT CSH – Key Outcomes • LCA – Importance of “Use” Phase; Opportunities with Optimized Design for Both Pavements and Buildings • Pavement-Vehicle Interaction – Importance of Stiffer Pavements; Roughness Over Time • LCCA – Importance of Material-Specific Inflation Rates LCA and LCCA - Results from MIT Concrete Sustainability Hub

11. MIT CSH - LCA Findings • Optimizing design (reducing overdesign) could lower emissions by 17%, while also saving $ • Increased fly ash usage could lower emissions by 10% for pavements • The use and rehabilitation phases account for 33-44% of the CO2e emissions for interstate highways LCA and LCCA - Results from MIT Concrete Sustainability Hub

12. MIT CSH – LCA Findings • Pavements with greater stiffness offer better fuel economy • Asphalt has to be up to 60% thicker than concrete to achieve the same level of stiffness and fuel economy • Roughness also an important factor – No difference in roughness between concrete v. asphalt in U.S. national highway system LCA and LCCA - Results from MIT Concrete Sustainability Hub

13. MIT CSH – LCA Findings • Stiffer pavements in U.S. could reduce vehicle fuel consumption by as much as 3% • At only 1%, that translates into 91M barrels of crude oil annually ($5.2 billion at today’s oil prices) • Accompanying decrease of 15.5 million metric tons of CO2 annually • Also reduced maintenance costs / impacts LCA and LCCA - Results from MIT Concrete Sustainability Hub

14. MIT CSH – LCA Findings • Concrete buildings generally have slightly higher embodied GWP, but lower annual operating GWP than steel or wood • 88 - 98% of the CO2e emissions of buildings are due to the operating energy requirements (60 year lifetime) • Total life cycle GWP of concrete buildings is equal or lower than alternate designs in steel or wood by 2 - 8% over 60 years LCA and LCCA - Results from MIT Concrete Sustainability Hub

15. MIT CSH – LCA Findings • Increased substitution of fly ash or other SCMs can reduce embodied GWP of concrete buildings by 4 - 14% • Radiant cooling of slabs can reduce commercial building operating energy for cooling by 19 - 25% in hot climates • LCCA shows both economic and environmental advantages to reducing air infiltration in concrete houses and increasing the thermal resistance of concrete wall assemblies LCA and LCCA - Results from MIT Concrete Sustainability Hub

16. Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) • Historically concrete prices have been relatively stable and predictable • Ignoring possible future changes in relative prices can bias planning decisions and lead to significant cost overruns • For pavements – FHWA model is good, but need to add material-specific inflation rates • LCCA’s without material-specific inflation rates may underestimate the cost of asphalt by 95% LCA and LCCA - Results from MIT Concrete Sustainability Hub

17. Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) • Probabilistic Approach • Risk Assessment, Incorporating Uncertainty LCA and LCCA - Results from MIT Concrete Sustainability Hub

18. Moving Into the Design Arena • Perform Truly Comparative LCA Between Different Materials (Including Leveraging Uncertainty and Applying Models at National, Local and Site-Specific Levels) • Interfacing the LCA and LCCA Models with Modern Performance-Based Design Tools (ex, MEPDG, Athena Ecocalculator) – Breadboard Tool by MIT • Targeting Areas Where Design Decisions Really Matter LCA and LCCA - Results from MIT Concrete Sustainability Hub

19. Moving into the Design Arena • Dissemination to Specifiers by MIT and Through National Organizations • MIT Presentations to Engineers/Architects – NAE Frontiers in Engineering, ASCE, LEED and Architecture 2030 Influence, Athena Institute, etc.) • Education Programs and Workshops (Internal & External) LCA and LCCA - Results from MIT Concrete Sustainability Hub

20. Moving into the Design Arena • Material Specific Inflation Rates – OMB Report to Congress / Legislation / Meetings with FHWA • MIT Presentations/Collaboration on Pavement-Vehicle Interaction and LCCA – TX, NC, MN, CA, NCC, FHWA Sustainable Highways, TRB, etc. • Defensive Issues – Mercury, Fly-Ash, “Wood First”, State Energy Code Issues • Case Studies and Best Practices for Pavements LCA and LCCA - Results from MIT Concrete Sustainability Hub

21. Why Pavements Matter to RMC Single Family Home Starts and Concrete Production

22. Pavement Design Assistance ProgramFor Parking Lots and Streets and Local Roads • Designs Provided for: • New Pavements, or • Rehabilitation of Existing Pavements • Materials Include: • Conventional Concrete, • Pervious Concrete, • Roller-Compacted Concrete, or • Concrete Overlays

23. DAP Results: 2012 • 38 Design Assistance Proposals/Joint Plans • 21 National Accounts, 17 Non-National Accounts • To date, 10 projects committed/placed in concrete (many projects are still in bid phase) Information on Design Assistance Program for Parking Lots and Streets and Local Roads www.concretepromotion.org

24. NRMCA DAP Report Outline • Project Description & Environment • Subgrade Foundation Soils • Traffic Conditions • Pavement Designs • Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) • Specifications & Details (Jointing, Curbs, etc.) • Sustainability

25. Just Released LCA and LCCA - Results from MIT Concrete Sustainability Hub

26. MIT CSH – LCA Findings • Energy Model-Based Comparative Design of Homes and Buildings • Holistic Approach to Future Design Recommendations from Designer and Owner Perspectives (Constructability, Cost, Sustainability, etc.) LCA and LCCA - Results from MIT Concrete Sustainability Hub

27. MIT CSH – What’s Next • Continued Focus on Moving Concepts into the Design Arena • Practitioner Focus Groups • Applying Models to State Data • Research Workshops • Possible Design Contest • Focus on Resilience of Buildings and Infrastructure – Including Econometrics of Resilience LCA and LCCA - Results from MIT Concrete Sustainability Hub

28. MIT CSH – What’s Next • Evaluation of Supply Chain and Opportunities on the Cost Side (ex, wash-out “paste”) • MIT Support in Advancing Prescriptive Specifications to Performance-Based Specifications (P2P) • Concrete Science Focus on Durability and Resilience as well as Solutions on Cost Side • Expanded Educational Outreach (MIT Engineering and Design Textbook; Online Learning Network, etc.) LCA and LCCA - Results from MIT Concrete Sustainability Hub

29. MIT Concrete Science Platform • Interim Progress in All Phases – 13 Papers Submitted to Major Scientific Journals • Lower Processing Energy – Understand role of oxygen binding on Alite/Belite dissolution • Fly Ash Substitution - Al in CSH in function of C/S ratio – even greater strength and durability potential • More Durable Concrete with Reduced Shrinkage Potential – water content is a function of the C/S ratio LCA and LCCA - Results from MIT Concrete Sustainability Hub

30. MIT Concrete Science Platform • New Test Method – Fracture Testing • Enrich Models like the Virtual Cement & Concrete Testing Lab (VCCTL) at NIST • Synergy with Building Technology Platform as Opportunities are Identified • Input on Policy Issues (Mercury/Fly-Ash; LEED v. 4 “Chemicals of Concern” Provision) LCA and LCCA - Results from MIT Concrete Sustainability Hub

31. RMCREF Measures of Success Acceptance by Codes & Standards Setting Bodies; Rating Systems; Government Agencies Acceptance into Journal Publications Case Studies Dollars Saved Presentations to Target Audiences Distribution of Research Reports Articles / Website Hits Leveraged Resources LCA and LCCA - Results from MIT Concrete Sustainability Hub

32. MIT CSH - Resources • www.rmc-foundation.org – link from home page • http://web.mit.edu/cshub/ • www.nrmca.org/sustainability • www.concretepromotion.org/applications/sustainability.html • www.greenconcrete.info/mit/index.html • www.think-harder.org/MITResearch.aspx • Webinar November 9, 10 am Eastern LCA and LCCA - Results from MIT Concrete Sustainability Hub

33. Please Complete Your Evaluation • Be sure to circle the session you are evaluating on the back of your card • Concrete • CC-008 • Life Cycle Assessment & Life Cycle Cost Analysis • All breakout session materials can be accessed at: www.commandalkon.com/cc2012/update/index.htm • Thank You! LCA and LCCA - Results from MIT Concrete Sustainability Hub