Human Behavior

1. Human Behavior Final Exam Review

2. Unit one: The foundations • Define psychology—what is the most credible association dedicated to psychology? • Why is psychology called a soft science? What is the difference between hard and soft sciences? • What are schools of psychology? Briefly summarize the ideas behind the following schools: • Humanistic, Psychodynamic, Structuralism, Functionalism, Biological , Gestalt, Behaviorism, Cognitive, Behavioral

3. Unit one: Matching: Match the letter to the correct psychological field it describes • Clinical • Community • Counseling • Developmental • Experimental • Industrial/Organizational • Educational • School • Social  • works to overcome educational difficulties • studies the maturation process • works with diagnosis and treatment of disorders • studies any mental psychological issue • develops and presents programs to help maintain mental health • studies how society influences the individual • works with psychological issues relating to business • works with people who exhibit trouble coping with everyday problems • studies issues related to how people learn

4. Unit one • Define the following: • Independent Variable • Dependent Variable • Hypothesis • Experimental Group • Control Group Try this sample: • “Mrs. Muller wanted to test the effects of caffeine on human behavior test scores. She believes that if caffeine is given to a person, their test scores will be higher.” • How will she set up and run her experiment? What type of research study is this?

5. Unit one: “Yippee! I can’t wait to try it!” • Define and give an example of the following: a. Halo Effect b. Hawthorne Effect c. John Henry Effect d. Novelty Effect Clues:

6. Unit one: • Nature v Nurture • Briefly define the debate and explain why it is controversial. • How did we learn about this debate throughout the entire semester? • Pull examples from specific units! • Milgram’s experiment: • What were the details of this experiment? • Why was it controversial? • What did it change in psychology?

7. Unit one: • Define the research type: • Experimental • Descriptive • Correlational • Historical • Causal-Comparative • Describe a specific experiment design that fits into each of the four areas. • What is the difference between natural observation and a typical experiment?

8. Unit TWO: Label the brain parts AND describe the function of the brain part. Cerebellum Corpus Callosum Pituitary Gland Frontal Lobe Parietal Lobe Pons Medulla Oblongata Spinal Cord Occipital Lobe Temporal Lobe

9. Unit TWO: • Describe the lower extreme of intelligence in regards to the four types of mental retardation. What are the four categories and what defines each in regards to IQ levels and functioning abilities? What three criteria must be met for one to be diagnosed with mental retardation? • Explain all of the theories of intelligence we discussed in class. Be sure to include the name of the theorist, the aspects of intelligence, and whether or not you agree with this perspective. • Options: • Spearman • Sternberg • R.B. Cattell • Thurstone • Guilford • Gardner

10. Unit two: • Name each of the seven “sins” of memory to define. After you define the “sins” be sure to use an example of how it affects memory. (finish quickly—try them all!) • Define and give examples: • State-Dependent Memory Effect • Context-Dependent Memory Effect Clues— here are the names of the sins: Persistence, Blocking, Transience, Absentmindedness, Bias, Misattribution, Suggestibility

11. Unit Two: Discuss the following: • What is thinking? • What are the three types of thinking we discussed in class? Defend and discuss this statement: • As per our discussion on Daniel Pink’s novel A Whole New Mind, it was concluded that Left brain functioning is important but no longer sufficient to compete in our challenging and changing world. What is the difference between right and left brain capabilities? Name examples of the characteristics of each side.

12. Unit Two: • Who was Phineas Gage and what did his study conclude about frontal lobe brain study? • Why is this study important? What real-life examples did we discuss? • What are reliability and validity in regards to: • Running an experiment? • Intelligence testing?

13. Unit two: It’s back!! Tell me everything you know about the memory flow chart! Answers should include: five senses, three ways to encode into STM, 2 theories on forgetting, 2 ways of rehearsal, 3 ways to encode into LTM, retrieval from the three filing cabinets.

14. Unit Three: • Describe Operant Conditioning including: • Reinforcer • Positive Reinforcer • Negative Reinforcer • Punishment • Describe classical conditioning including: • US • UR • CS • CR • Use the Pavlov’s Dogs experiment to put it all together!

15. Unit Three: • “Whenever you lie in your bed, you normally fall asleep very quickly, more quickly than you would on the couch. One week, you experience a lot of stress, and instead of falling asleep, you lie awake several nights in a row. Now, although the stress is gone, you have difficulty sleeping in your bed.” • Define the following in regards to the example scenario. • US: • UR: • CS: • CR:

16. Unit Three: • Phases of Learning • Define the following specifically in terms of classical conditioning learning—what is happening at each stage? • Acquisition Phase • Extinction Phase • Spontaneous Recovery • Reconditioning • Can you draw the phases of learning chart?

17. Unit Three: Define the following: • Stimulus Generalization • Stimulus Discrimination • Taste Aversion (Garcia Effect) • Phobias • How could you describe the difference between generalization and discrimination in this case? CS: Large Black Dog CR: Fear

18. Unit Three: • For each of the following explain if it is positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement or a punishment and WHY! • Police pulling drivers over and giving prizes for buckling up. • Suspending a baseball player for hitting a ref after a bad call. • An inmate is allowed extra TV time after completing all of his assigned duties well. • Teacher holds a student during lunch until they complete their homework. • A cat presses a lever to open a door to get out of the puzzle box. • A mother smiles when their child utters “MAMA”. • Taking cough medicine to stop a cough. • A child is put into “time out” for talking back. • A driver is given a ticket for running a red light. • You get a zero for cheating. • You get an A on your final!!

19. Unit Three: • Define the following schedules of reinforcement: • Fixed ratio • Variable ratio • Fixed interval • Variable interval • What is the difference between a ratio and an interval? • Examples: Which schedule of reinforcement is described below? • Getting a pay check every other week. • Pop quizzes • Slot machines at gambling casinos • A worker receives $1 for every 100 envelopes stuffed

20. Unit Four • Review Piaget’s theory of child development. Do you remember the stages listed below? • Sensorimotor • Preoperational • Concrete Operational • Formal operations • What is temperament? The difference between: • Easy and difficult infants? • Secure and insecure attachments?

21. Unit Four • Review Birth Order and Personality (reading from packet) How does this tie into the nature v nurture debate? • What are the three types of parenting styles (on the spectrum) and what are the positives and negatives of each? Permissive Authoritative Authoritarian

22. Unit Four: • Recall the major theories of personality listed to the right. • Do you remember the basics of each one? • Trait Theory • Social-Cognitive Theory • Humanistic Theory • Psychodynamic Theory

23. Unit FOur • What are the positives and negatives to Gordon Allport’s Trait Theory and OCEAN test? • What is the difference between: • Cardinal Trait • Central Trait • Secondary Trait Give an example of a historical figure who lived his/her life by a cardinal trait. Other examples?

24. Unit Four: • What are the foundations of Freud’s theory of personality? • Focus on three main beliefs of Freud and his followers! • What is the significance of this iceberg?

25. Unit Four: • What is “free association?” How does it relate to psychoanalysis? • How do the following terms relate to the iceberg theory? • Morality Principle • Pleasure Principle • Reality Principle

26. Unit Four: • What are the psychosexual stages and how do they connect to psychoanalysis? • What are the defense mechanisms and how do they relate to psychoanalysis? Does it seem like I am really reviewing Freud and Psychoanalysis? Good observation. Maybe there is a reason…

27. Unit Four: • Who are the Neo-Freudians and how do they differ from Freud? • Compare and contrast Freud’s psychosexual stages with Erikson’s psychosocial stages

28. Unit Four: • What’s the Humanistic Theory all about? • Don’t forget about Carl Rodgers and Abraham Maslow

29. Unit Five: • What are the major differences between normal and abnormal behavior? • Specific criteria we discussed in class! Look in your abnormal psych mini-packet if you forget. • Describe the changes in treatment of the mentally ill from the 1800s to present day. • Don’t forget about good old Nelly Bly!

30. Unit Five: • What is the purpose of the DSM and who approves of the published updates? • What similarities did we find in the diagnosis of mental disorders? Think of the types of criteria found within the DSM of multiple disorders… • HINT: one possible answer could be: evidence of social and occupational dysfunction.

31. Unit Six: • What is sociology? • What are the possible careers for a person interested in sociology? • How does sociology differ from psychology? • What other “soft science” field is similar to sociology? (it studies specific cultures)

32. Unit Six: • What is culture? • Difference between culture and society? • Material v Nonmaterial culture • Identify and give examples of the following: • Norms • Folkways • Mores • Laws • Cultural Universals • Ethnocentrism

33. Unit Six • What is cultural anthropology? • Describe Margaret Mead’s case study of the Arapesh and Mundugamor peoples… How does this study relate to the nature v nurture debate?

34. Unit Six: • What are the 5 agents of socialization? • Define: • Socialization • Resocialization • Total Institution • Describe the case of “Genie the Wild Child” and how it relates to both socialization AND the nature vs. nurture debate.

35. Unit Six: • What is collective behavior and list the collectivities we discussed in class. • Why is collective behavior hard to study?

36. Unit Six: • How are social movements different than collective behavior? Your task: Take each of the social movements below and describe which type of social movement it is/was: • Women’s Movement • Revolutionary War • 1960s Peace Movement • The Religious Right (Roe v. Wade – A women’s right to privacy)

37. Unit Six: • What is deviance? What two things must occur for an action to be labeled as deviance? • Do you know your theories? • Cultural-Transmission • Structural Strain • Control • Conflict • Labeling What social functions come from deviance?

38. Structural Strain theory…

39. Unit Six: • What are the characteristics of cults as discussed in class? • How does a cult differ from a religion? • What tactics do cults often use to “suck people in?”

40. Continue with essays and review … • Work on essay questions 6 and 7. • Jeopardy review sheets to complete with a partner…